{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T05:45:15Z","timestamp":1771652715236,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Medical Research Program","award":["Chang Gung Medical Research Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chang Gung Medical Research Program"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2314-B-182-051-, 109-2314-B-182-024- and 109-2629-B-182-002-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2314-B-182-051-, 109-2314-B-182-024- and 109-2629-B-182-002-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic profiles of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) in Asians remain elusive. A 10-year prospective cohort study was conducted with 1043 consecutive HCV Ab-positive Taiwanese surveyed with 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Of 1043, 589 (56.5%) had baseline MC, 934 (89.5%) had positive HCV RNA, 796 completed anti-HCV therapy, and 715 had sustained virological responses (SVRs). SNP associations were surveyed withgenotypic, allelic, trend, permutation and multivariate analyses. At baseline, higher male sex and MC rates were noted in HCV RNA-positive than RNA-negative patients; higher female sex and positive HCV RNA rates but lower HCV RNA levels were noted in patients with than those without MC. Baseline associations were: HLA II-rs9461776 A allele, IFNL3-rs12979860 T allele, SERPINE1-rs6976053 C allele and MC with HCV RNA positivity; IFNL3-rs12979860 C allele, ARNTL-rs6486122 T allele and HCV RNA positivity with baseline MC. In SVR patients, RETN-rs1423096 C allele and SERPINE1-rs6976053 T allele were associated with 24-week and 10-year post-therapy MC, respectively. Conclusions: HCV RNA, IFNL3-rs12979860 and ARNTL-rs6486122 were associated with baseline MC; RETN-rs1423096 and SERPINE1-rs6976053 were associated with short- and long-term post-therapy MC in SVR patients, respectively. Links with HCV RNA and immune-associated SNPs suggest MC an immune reaction to expel HCV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T20:17:40Z","timestamp":1615493860000},"page":"464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genetic Association of Hepatitis C-Related Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: A 10-Year Prospective Study of Asians Treated with Antivirals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Ling","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyua 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiang-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong-Nan","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Lin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurologic Medicine, Chang Gung Children\u2019s Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy S. J.","family":"Fann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy401","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Hepatitis C Virus Genotype from Punjab, India: Expanding Classification of Hepatitis C Virus into 8 Genotypes","volume":"218","author":"Borgia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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