{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:08:45Z","timestamp":1780333725805,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a hematophagous species responsible for paralytic rabies and bite damage that affects livestock, humans and wildlife from Mexico to Argentina. Current measures to control vampires, based upon coumarin-derived poisons, are not used extensively due in part to the high cost of application, risks for bats that share roosts with vampires and residual environmental contamination. Observations that vampire bat bites may induce resistance in livestock against vampire bat salivary anticoagulants encourage research into novel vaccine-based alternatives particularly focused upon increasing livestock resistance to vampire salivary components. We evaluated the action of vampire bat saliva-Freund\u2019s incomplete adjuvant administered to sheep with anticoagulant responses induced by repeated vampire bites in a control group and examined characteristics of vampire bat salivary secretion. We observed that injections induced a response against vampire bat salivary anticoagulants stronger than by repeated vampire bat bites. Based upon these preliminary findings, we hypothesize the utility of developing a control technique based on induction of an immunologically mediated resistance against vampire bat anticoagulants and rabies virus via dual delivery of appropriate host and pathogen antigens. Fundamental characteristics of host biology favor alternative strategies than simple culling by poisons for practical, economical, and ecologically relevant management of vampire populations within a One Health context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T01:48:22Z","timestamp":1616377702000},"page":"515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Towards Development of an Anti-Vampire Bat Vaccine for Rabies Management: Inoculation of Vampire Bat Saliva Induces Immune-Mediated Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Horacio A.","family":"Delpietro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Padre Serrano 1116, 3300 Posadas, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto G.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Padre Serrano 1116, 3300 Posadas, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LYSSA LLC, 309 Pirkle Ferry Rd., Cumming, GA 30040, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela L.","family":"Delpietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Padre Serrano 1116, 3300 Posadas, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3503895","article-title":"Desmodus rotundus","volume":"202","author":"Greenhall","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mamm. 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