{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:10:29Z","timestamp":1789765829555,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which constitute the glycoprotein spikes expressed on the surface of influenza A and B viruses, are the most exposed parts of the virus and play critical roles in the viral lifecycle. As such, they make prominent targets for the immune response and antiviral drugs. Neuraminidase inhibitors, particularly oseltamivir, constitute the most commonly used antivirals against influenza viruses, and they have proved their clinical utility against seasonal and emerging influenza viruses. However, the emergence of resistant strains remains a constant threat and consideration. Antivirals targeting the hemagglutinin protein are relatively new and have yet to gain global use but are proving to be effective additions to the antiviral repertoire, with a relatively high threshold for the emergence of resistance. Here we review antiviral drugs, both approved for clinical use and under investigation, that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the emergence of resistance to them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T06:05:43Z","timestamp":1617689143000},"page":"624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Antivirals Targeting the Surface Glycoproteins of Influenza Virus: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yaqin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sook-San","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3158-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Zanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04038.x","article-title":"The molecular basis of the specific anti-influenza action of amantadine","volume":"4","author":"Hay","year":"1985","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.8.joc60020","article-title":"Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 influenza season in the United States","volume":"295","author":"Bright","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.015","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor","volume":"100","author":"Furuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. 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