{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:32:32Z","timestamp":1790847152957,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017M3A9E4061992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9E4061992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Novelgen","award":["6R190101532S000100 and S-2018-1158-000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6R190101532S000100 and S-2018-1158-000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The virus behind the current pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the etiology of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and poses a critical public health threat worldwide. Effective therapeutics and vaccines against multiple coronaviruses remain unavailable. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv), a recombinant antibody, exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses owing to its nucleic acid-hydrolyzing property. The antiviral activity of 3D8 scFv against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses was evaluated in Vero E6 cell cultures. Viral growth was quantified with quantitative RT-qPCR and plaque assay. The nucleic acid-hydrolyzing activity of 3D8 was assessed through abzyme assays of in vitro viral transcripts and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. We found that 3D8 inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Our results revealed the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of 3D8 scFv against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells. Immunoblot and plaque assays showed the reduction of coronavirus nucleoproteins and infectious particles, respectively, in 3D8 scFv-treated cells. These data demonstrate the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 3D8 against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Thus, it could be considered a potential antiviral countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2 and zoonotic coronaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T21:47:33Z","timestamp":1618264053000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of 3D8, a Nucleic Acid-Hydrolyzing Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv), Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and Multiple Coronaviruses In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gunsup","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center, Novelgen Co., Ltd., 77, Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5941-1600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shailesh","family":"Budhathoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geum-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-ji","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center, Novelgen Co., Ltd., 77, Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center, Novelgen Co., Ltd., 77, Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center, Novelgen Co., Ltd., 77, Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center, Novelgen Co., Ltd., 77, Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuong","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok-Won","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Functional Genomics &amp; Bioinformatics Lab., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Mo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Functional Genomics &amp; Bioinformatics Lab., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungchan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center, Novelgen Co., Ltd., 77, Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Won","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukchan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3178-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Keun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.020","article-title":"A Mouse Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pathogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Zhao, K., Shi, Z.L., and Zhou, P. 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