{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:12Z","timestamp":1790804952877,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions worldwide, leaving a global burden for long-term care of COVID-19 survivors. It is thus imperative to study post-COVID (i.e., short-term) and long-COVID (i.e., long-term) effects, specifically as local and systemic pathophysiological outcomes of other coronavirus-related diseases (such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)) were well-cataloged. We conducted a comprehensive review of adverse post-COVID health outcomes and potential long-COVID effects. We observed that such adverse outcomes were not localized. Rather, they affected different human systems, including: (i) immune system (e.g., Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndromes such as Kawasaki disease), (ii) hematological system (vascular hemostasis, blood coagulation), (iii) pulmonary system (respiratory failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pulmonary vascular damage, pulmonary fibrosis), (iv) cardiovascular system (myocardial hypertrophy, coronary artery atherosclerosis, focal myocardial fibrosis, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy), (v) gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal systems (diarrhea, nausea\/vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, acid reflux, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lack of appetite\/constipation), (vi) skeletomuscular system (immune-mediated skin diseases, psoriasis, lupus), (vii) nervous system (loss of taste\/smell\/hearing, headaches, spasms, convulsions, confusion, visual impairment, nerve pain, dizziness, impaired consciousness, nausea\/vomiting, hemiplegia, ataxia, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage), (viii) mental health (stress, depression and anxiety). We additionally hypothesized mechanisms of action by investigating possible molecular mechanisms associated with these disease outcomes\/symptoms. Overall, the COVID-19 pathology is still characterized by cytokine storm that results to endothelial inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and multiple organ failures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1618869589000},"page":"700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":350,"title":["Long-COVID and Post-COVID Health Complications: An Up-to-Date Review on Clinical Conditions and Their Possible Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8031-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Silva Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica e Qu\u00edmica Computacional, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequi\u00e9, Bahia CEP 45206-190, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica e Qu\u00edmica Computacional, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequi\u00e9, Bahia CEP 45206-190, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wagner Rodrigues","family":"de Assis Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica e Qu\u00edmica Computacional, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequi\u00e9, Bahia CEP 45206-190, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Sa\u00fade II, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequi\u00e9, Bahia CEP 45206-190, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"de Souza Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica e Qu\u00edmica Computacional, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequi\u00e9, Bahia CEP 45206-190, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Gen\u00e9tica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiane Oliveira","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Gen\u00e9tica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andria","family":"dos Santos Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica e Qu\u00edmica Computacional, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequi\u00e9, Bahia CEP 45206-190, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00e9tica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila","family":"Ribeiro da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica e Qu\u00edmica Computacional, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequi\u00e9, Bahia CEP 45206-190, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00e9tica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid J","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arist\u00f3teles","family":"G\u00f3es-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Insti-tuto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00e9tica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preetam","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debmalya","family":"Barh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Bio-technology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2951-z","article-title":"Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"588","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2002387","article-title":"Covid-19\u2014Navigating the uncharted","volume":"382","author":"Fauci","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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