{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:30:26Z","timestamp":1791919826826,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 DA039791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 DA039791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA052851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA052851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 GM122733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM122733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Mississippi, Graduate School Council","award":["student grant-in-aid of research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["student grant-in-aid of research"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with neuroendocrine dysfunction which may contribute to co-morbid stress-sensitive disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or -gonadal (HPG) axes are perturbed in up to 50% of HIV patients. The mechanisms are not known, but we have found the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein to recapitulate the clinical phenotype in male mice. We hypothesized that HPA and\/or HPG dysregulation contributes to Tat-mediated interactions with oxycodone, an opioid often prescribed to HIV patients, in females. Female mice that conditionally-expressed the Tat1\u201386 protein [Tat(+) mice] or their counterparts that did not [Tat(\u2212) control mice] were exposed to forced swim stress (or not) and behaviorally-assessed for motor and anxiety-like behavior. Some mice had glucocorticoid receptors (GR) or corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRF-R) pharmacologically inhibited. Some mice were ovariectomized (OVX). As seen previously in males, Tat elevated basal corticosterone levels and potentiated oxycodone\u2019s psychomotor activity in females. Unlike males, females did not demonstrate adrenal insufficiency and oxycodone potentiation was not regulated by GRs or CRF-Rs. Rather OVX attenuated Tat\/oxycodone interactions. Either Tat or oxycodone increased anxiety-like behavior and their combination increased hypothalamic allopregnanolone. OVX increased basal hypothalamic allopregnanolone and obviated Tat or oxycodone-mediated fluctuations. Together, these data provide further evidence for Tat-mediated dysregulation of the HPA axis and reveal the importance of HPG axis regulation in females. HPA\/HPG disruption may contribute vulnerability to affective and substance use disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:55:04Z","timestamp":1619780104000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["HIV-1 Tat Protein Promotes Neuroendocrine Dysfunction Concurrent with the Potentiation of Oxycodone\u2019s Psychomotor Effects in Female Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Salahuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fakhri","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh P.","family":"Sulochana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5628-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason J.","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA"},{"name":"Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00362","article-title":"Microglial Cells: The Main HIV-1 Reservoir in the Brain","volume":"9","author":"Wallet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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