{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:11:05Z","timestamp":1781730665802,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.201953\/2018-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.201953\/2018-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunotherapy has been shown to be highly effective in some types of cancer caused by viruses. Gene therapy involves insertion or modification of a therapeutic gene, to correct for inappropriate gene products that cause\/may cause diseases. Both these types of therapy have been used as alternative ways to avoid cancers caused by oncoviruses. In this review, we summarize recent studies on immunotherapy and gene therapy including the topics of oncolytic immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, gene replacement, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based gene editing, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and custom treatment for Epstein\u2013Barr virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis C virus, herpesvirus associated with Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and cytomegalovirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T08:05:21Z","timestamp":1619942721000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy for Oncoviruses Infections: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Alves Ara\u00fajo","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla Rodrigues de Almeida","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Vasques","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Salete","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbein, G. 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