{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:44:47Z","timestamp":1776185087068,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme","award":["260895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260895"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["P29398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P29398"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergen exposure and rhinovirus (RV) infections are common triggers of acute wheezing exacerbations in early childhood. The identification of such trigger factors is difficult but may have therapeutic implications. Increases of IgE and IgG in sera, were shown against allergens and the N-terminal portion of the VP1 proteins of RV species, respectively, several weeks after allergen exposure or RV infection. Hence, increases in VP1-specific IgG and in allergen-specific IgE may serve as biomarkers for RV infections or allergen exposure. The MeDALL-allergen chip containing comprehensive panels of allergens and the PreDicta RV chip equipped with VP1-derived peptides, representative of three genetic RV species, were used to measure allergen-specific IgE levels and RV-species-specific IgG levels in sera obtained from 120 preschool children at the time of an acute wheezing attack and convalescence. Nearly 20% of the children (22\/120) showed specific IgE sensitizations to at least one of the allergen molecules on the MeDALL chip. For 87% of the children, increases in RV-specific IgG could be detected in the follow-up sera. This percentage of RV-specific IgG increases was equal in IgE-positive and -negative children. In 10% of the children, increases or de novo appearances of IgE sensitizations indicative of allergen exposure could be detected. Our results suggest that, in the majority of preschool children, RV infections trigger wheezing attacks, but, in addition, allergen exposure seems to play a role as a trigger factor. RV-induced wheezing attacks occur in IgE-sensitized and non-IgE-sensitized children, indicating that allergic sensitization is not a prerequisite for RV-induced wheeze.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Microarray Technology May Reveal the Contribution of Allergen Exposure and Rhinovirus Infections as Possible Triggers for Acute Wheezing Attacks in Preschool Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Niespodziana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Stenberg-Hammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-3468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos G.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity &amp; Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"},{"name":"Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 106 79 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3433-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarete","family":"Focke-Tejkl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University for Healthcare Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Errhalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Krems, Austria, and Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7745-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon R.","family":"Konradsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cilla","family":"S\u00f6derh\u00e4ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"van Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Hedlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Valenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University for Healthcare Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria"},{"name":"National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.04.006","article-title":"Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing","volume":"114","author":"Heymann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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