{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T11:52:56Z","timestamp":1770551576342,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FluPRINT, grant number 796636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FluPRINT, grant number 796636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI090019, U19 AI057229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI090019, U19 AI057229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding protective influenza immunity and identifying immune correlates of protection poses a major challenge and requires an appreciation of the immune system in all of its complexity. While adaptive immune responses such as neutralizing antibodies and influenza-specific T lymphocytes are contributing to the control of influenza virus, key factors of long-term protection are not well defined. Using systems immunology, an approach that combines experimental and computational methods, we can capture the systems-level state of protective immunity and reveal the essential pathways that are involved. New approaches and technological developments in systems immunology offer an opportunity to examine roles and interrelationships of clinical, biological, and genetic factors in the control of influenza infection and have the potential to lead to novel discoveries about influenza immunity that are essential for the development of more effective vaccines to prevent future pandemics. Here, we review recent developments in systems immunology that help to reveal key factors mediating protective immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T22:31:25Z","timestamp":1621549885000},"page":"948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Systems Immunology: Revealing Influenza Immunological Imprint"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-3535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Tomic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: A modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1141","article-title":"Influenza: Old and new threats","volume":"10","author":"Palese","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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