{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:21:31Z","timestamp":1783948891695,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fm0108008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fm0108008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21fk0108142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K15367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K15367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K07135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K07135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite seasonal influenza vaccines having been routinely used for many decades, influenza A virus continues to pose a global threat to humans, causing high morbidity and mortality each year. The effectiveness of the vaccine is largely dependent on how well matched the vaccine strains are with the circulating influenza virus strains. Furthermore, low vaccine efficacy in na\u00efve populations such as young children, or in the elderly, who possess weakened immune systems, indicates that influenza vaccines need to be more personalized to provide broader community protection. Advances in both vaccine technologies and our understanding of influenza virus infection and immunity have led to the design of a variety of alternate vaccine strategies to extend population protection against influenza, some of which are now in use. In this review, we summarize the progress in the field of influenza vaccines, including the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies, and discuss future prospects. We also highlight some of the challenges to be faced in the ongoing effort to control influenza through vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13060971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T23:35:05Z","timestamp":1621899305000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Selecting and Using the Appropriate Influenza Vaccine for Each Individual"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Sekiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1086-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marumi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimuka","family":"Handabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Shingai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Collaborating Research Center for the Control of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, February 12). Seasonal Influenza Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.057","article-title":"Economic burden of seasonal influenza in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Putri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6908a1","article-title":"Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices\u2014United States, 2020\u20132021 influenza season","volume":"69","author":"Grohskopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12486","article-title":"Annual estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States: A tool for strengthening influenza surveillance and preparedness","volume":"12","author":"Rolfes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70295-X","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Osterholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e368","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1244","article-title":"Effects of influenza vaccination in the United States during the 2018\u20132019 influenza season","volume":"71","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.04.013","article-title":"Preventing an antigenically disruptive mutation in egg-based H3N2 seasonal influenza vaccines by mutational incompatibility","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, N.C., Zost, S.J., Thompson, A.J., Oyen, D., Nycholat, C.M., McBride, R., Paulson, J.C., Hensley, S.E., and Wilson, I.A. (2017). A structural explanation for the low effectiveness of the seasonal influenza H3N2 vaccine. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006682"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4223","article-title":"Influenza immunization elicits antibodies specific for an egg-adapted vaccine strain","volume":"22","author":"Raymond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr, I.G., Donis, R.O., Katz, J.M., McCauley, J.W., Odagiri, T., Trusheim, H., Tsai, T.F., and Wentworth, D.E. (2018). Cell culture-derived influenza vaccines in the severe 2017\u20132018 epidemic season: A step towards improved influenza vaccine effectiveness. NPJ Vaccines, 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0079-z"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1946.02870210011003","article-title":"The protective effect of vaccination against epidemic influenza B","volume":"131","author":"Francis","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"213","article-title":"Comparison of adverse reactions to whole-virion and split-virion influenza vaccines in hospital personnel","volume":"145","author":"Scheifele","year":"1991","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.051","article-title":"An inflammatory response is essential for the development of adaptive immunity-immunogenicity and immunotoxicity","volume":"34","author":"Nakayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01633.x","article-title":"Whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an IgG2a response in BALB\/c mice","volume":"62","author":"Hovden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15014-3","article-title":"Safety and antigenicity of whole virus and subunit influenza A\/Hong Kong\/1073\/99 (H9N2) vaccine in healthy adults: Phase I randomised trial","volume":"362","author":"Stephenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2008.00038.x","article-title":"Whole inactivated virus influenza vaccine is superior to subunit vaccine in inducing immune responses and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by DCs","volume":"2","author":"Geeraedts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.057","article-title":"Inactivated whole virus particle vaccine with potent immunogenicity and limited IL-6 induction is ideal for influenza","volume":"37","author":"Sekiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arikata, M., Itoh, Y., Okamatsu, M., Maeda, T., Shiina, T., Tanaka, K., Suzuki, S., Nakayama, M., Sakoda, Y., and Ishigaki, H. (2012). Memory immune responses against pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus induced by a whole particle vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys carrying Mafa-A1*052:02. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037220"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600046","article-title":"Whole-virion influenza vaccine recalls an early burst of high-affinity memory b cell response through TLR signaling","volume":"196","author":"Onodera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03150100027005","article-title":"Purified influenza virus vaccine\u2014A study of viral reactivity and antigenicity","volume":"206","author":"Peck","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.02.086","article-title":"Purification of Vero cell derived live replication deficient influenza A and B virus by ion exchange monolith chromatography","volume":"32","author":"Banjac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.033","article-title":"Efficient chromatographic reduction of ovalbumin for egg-based influenza virus purification","volume":"32","author":"Blom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.19","article-title":"Vero cell platform in vaccine production: Moving towards cell culture-based viral vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Barrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073121","article-title":"A clinical trial of a whole-virus H5N1 vaccine derived from cell culture","volume":"358","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.039","article-title":"A non-adjuvanted whole-virus H1N1 pandemic vaccine is well tolerated and highly immunogenic in children and adolescents and induces substantial immunological memory","volume":"30","author":"Pavlova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waddington, C.S., Walker, W.T., Oeser, C., Reiner, A., John, T., Wilkins, S., Casey, M., Eccleston, P.E., Allen, R.J., and Okike, I. (2010). Safety and immunogenicity of AS03(B) adjuvanted split virion versus non-adjuvanted whole virion H1N1 influenza vaccine in UK children aged 6 months-12 years: Open label, randomised, parallel group, multicentre study. BMJ Br. Med. J., 340.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2649"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70296-6","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a two-dose schedule of whole-virion and AS03(A)-adjuvanted 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccines: A randomised, multicentre, age-stratified, head-to-head trial","volume":"11","author":"Nicholson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69294-5","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated adjuvanted whole-virion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine: A phase I randomised controlled trial","volume":"368","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1012004","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of influenza whole inactivated virus vaccines: A phase I randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Verdijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00549-10","article-title":"A single immunization with CoVaccine HT-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza virus vaccine induces protective cellular and humoral immune responses in ferrets","volume":"84","author":"Bodewes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12691","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00769-10","article-title":"Cationic lipid\/DNA complex-adjuvanted influenza a virus vaccination induces robust cross-protective immunity","volume":"84","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geeraedts, F., Goutagny, N., Hornung, V., Severa, M., de Haan, A., Pool, J., Wilschut, J., Fitzgerald, K.A., and Huckriede, A. (2008). Superior immunogenicity of inactivated whole virus H5N1 influenza vaccine is primarily controlled by Toll-like receptor signalling. PLOS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000138"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budimir, N., de Haan, A., Meijerhof, T., Waijer, S., Boon, L., Gostick, E., Price, D.A., Wilschut, J., and Huckriede, A. (2013). Critical role of TLR7 signaling in the priming of cross-protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by a whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063163"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budimir, N., Huckriede, A., Meijerhof, T., Boon, L., Gostick, E., Price, D.A., Wilschut, J., and de Haan, A. (2012). Induction of heterosubtypic cross-protection against influenza by a whole inactivated virus vaccine: The role of viral membrane fusion activity. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030898"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00234-2","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with formalin-inactivated virus vaccine induces a broad spectrum of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection in mice","volume":"21","author":"Takada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02508-09","article-title":"Cytotoxic T cells are the predominant players providing cross-protective immunity induced by gamma-irradiated influenza a viruses","volume":"84","author":"Furuya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2008.00055.x","article-title":"Yearly licensing studies from 1997 to 2007 of the inactivated whole virus seasonal influenza vaccine fluval\u2014A useful approach to pandemic vaccine development even in less well developed countries?","volume":"2","author":"Vajo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.69.4.404","article-title":"Clinical reactions and serologic responses after vaccination with whole-virus or split-virus influenza vaccines in children aged 6 to 36 months","volume":"69","author":"Bernstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavian, N., Hachim, A., Li, A.P., Cohen, C.A., Chin, A.W., Poon, L.L., Fang, V.J., Leung, N.H., Cowling, B.J., and Valkenburg, S.A. (2020). Assessment of enhanced influenza vaccination finds that FluAd conveys an advantage in mice and older adults. Clin. Transl. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1107"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1011562","article-title":"Immunogenicity of intramuscular MF59-adjuvanted and intradermal administered influenza enhanced vaccines in subjects aged over 60: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"Camilloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.05.023","article-title":"Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies","volume":"94","author":"Soema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/08828240260066242","article-title":"Principles underlying the development and use of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A and B virus vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.102.3.728","article-title":"Biologic and immunologic characteristics of cold\u2014Adapted influenza virus","volume":"102","author":"Maassab","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1377376","article-title":"Immune responses after live attenuated influenza vaccination","volume":"14","author":"Mohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202790","article-title":"Cutting edge: Rapid boosting of cross-reactive memory CD8 T cells broadens the protective capacity of the Flumist vaccine","volume":"190","author":"Pewe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002664","article-title":"Seasonal FluMist vaccination induces cross-reactive T cell immunity against H1N1 (2009) influenza and secondary bacterial infections","volume":"186","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz583","article-title":"Early induction of cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses in tonsils after live-attenuated influenza vaccination in children","volume":"221","author":"Mohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2010.00183.x","article-title":"The relative efficacy of trivalent live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adults","volume":"5","author":"Ambrose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000237829.66310.85","article-title":"Superior relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine compared with inactivated influenza vaccine in young children with recurrent respiratory tract infections","volume":"25","author":"Ashkenazi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065368","article-title":"Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in infants and young children","volume":"356","author":"Belshe","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00266.x","article-title":"Maternal outcomes among pregnant women receiving live attenuated influenza vaccine","volume":"6","author":"Toback","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.043","article-title":"Recommendations for live viral and bacterial vaccines in immunodeficient patients and their close contacts","volume":"133","author":"Shearer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8454","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00163-16","article-title":"Reversion of cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine into a pathogenic virus","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2008.00053.x","article-title":"FluBlok, a recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine","volume":"2","author":"Cox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis935","article-title":"Antibody correlates and predictors of immunity to naturally occurring influenza in humans and the importance of antibody to the neuraminidase","volume":"207","author":"Couch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv195","article-title":"Antibody to influenza virus neuraminidase: An independent correlate of protection","volume":"212","author":"Monto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, K.A., Moritzky, S., Shannon, I., Fitzgerald, T., Yang, H., Branche, A., Topham, D.J., Treanor, J.J., Nayak, J., and Sant, A.J. (2020). Recombinant HA-based vaccine outperforms split and subunit vaccines in elicitation of influenza-specific CD4 T cells and CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses in humans. NPJ Vaccines, 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00227-x"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilv009","article-title":"Large animal models for vaccine development and testing","volume":"56","author":"Gerdts","year":"2015","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.053","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, acceptability and immunogenicity of an influenza vaccine delivered to human skin by a novel high-density microprojection array patch (Nanopatch\u2122)","volume":"36","author":"Fernando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.69","article-title":"DNA vaccination in the skin using microneedles improves protection against influenza","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crank, M.C., Gordon, I.J., Yamshchikov, G.V., Sitar, S., Hu, Z., Enama, M.E., Holman, L.A., Bailer, R.T., Pearce, M.B., and Koup, R.A. (2015). Phase 1 study of pandemic H1 DNA vaccine in healthy adults. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123969"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, T.R., Schultheis, K., Kiosses, W.B., Amante, D.H., Mendoza, J.M., Stone, J.C., McCoy, J.R., Sardesai, N.Y., and Broderick, K.E. (2014). DNA vaccination strategy targets epidermal dendritic cells, initiating their migration and induction of a host immune response. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev., 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2014.54"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit180","article-title":"Prime-boost interval matters: A randomized phase 1 study to identify the minimum interval necessary to observe the H5 DNA influenza vaccine priming effect","volume":"208","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houser, K.V., Yamshchikov, G.V., Bellamy, A.R., May, J., Enama, M.E., Sarwar, U., Larkin, B., Bailer, R.T., Koup, R., and Paskel, M. (2018). DNA vaccine priming for seasonal influenza vaccine in children and adolescents 6 to 17 years of age: A phase 1 randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206837"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeZure, A.D., Coates, E.E., Hu, Z., Yamshchikov, G.V., Zephir, K.L., Enama, M.E., Plummer, S.H., Gordon, I.J., Kaltovich, F., and Andrews, S. (2017). An avian influenza H7 DNA priming vaccine is safe and immunogenic in a randomized phase I clinical trial. NPJ Vaccines, 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0016-6"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teijaro, J.R., and Farber, D.L. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines: Modes of immune activation and future challenges. Nat. Rev. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00526-x"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scorza, F.B., and Pardi, N. (2018). New kids on the block: RNA-based influenza virus vaccines. Vaccines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6020020"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.074","article-title":"mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Therapeutics, M. (2021, February 21). Available online: https:\/\/investors.modernatx.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/moderna-provides-business-update-and-announces-three-new."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutz, J., Lazzaro, S., Habbeddine, M., Schmidt, K.E., Baumhof, P., Mui, B.L., Tam, Y.K., Madden, T.D., Hope, M.J., and Heidenreich, R. (2017). Unmodified mRNA in LNPs constitutes a competitive technology for prophylactic vaccines. NPJ Vaccines, 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0032-6"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"London, I.C. (2021, February 13). Imperial COVID-19 Vaccine Trial. Available online: https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/covid-19-vaccine-trial\/."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"FDA (2021, May 15). First FDA-Approved Vaccine for the Prevention of Ebola Virus Disease, Marking a Critical Milestone in Public Health Preparedness and Response, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/first-fda-approved-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-marking-critical-milestone-public-health."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32623-4","article-title":"Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy","volume":"397","author":"Knoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2007.016","article-title":"Role of MyD88 and TLR9 in the innate immune response elicited by serotype 5 adenoviral vectors","volume":"18","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00266-2","article-title":"High titre neutralising antibodies to influenza after oral tablet immunisation: A phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Liebowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70345-6","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an oral, replicating adenovirus serotype 4 vector vaccine for H5N1 influenza: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study","volume":"13","author":"Gurwith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda, K., Huang, J., Zhou, T., Sheng, Z., Kang, B.H., Ishida, E., Griesman, T., Stuccio, S., Bolkhovitinov, L., and Wohlbold, T.J. (2019). Prolonged evolution of the memory B cell response induced by a replicating adenovirus-influenza H5 vaccine. Sci. Immunol., 4.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau2710"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu507","article-title":"Dramatic decline of respiratory illness among US military recruits after the renewed use of adenovirus vaccines","volume":"59","author":"Radin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasui, F., Itoh, Y., Ikejiri, A., Kitabatake, M., Sakaguchi, N., Munekata, K., Shichinohe, S., Hayashi, Y., Ishigaki, H., and Nakayama, M. (2016). Sensitization with vaccinia virus encoding H5N1 hemagglutinin restores immune potential against H5N1 influenza virus. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37915"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01946-09","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccines expressing the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus protect against virus challenge in monkeys","volume":"84","author":"DiNapoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.284","article-title":"Clinical assessment of a novel recombinant simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 as a vectored vaccine expressing conserved Influenza A antigens","volume":"22","author":"Antrobus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coughlan, L., Sridhar, S., Payne, R., Edmans, M., Milicic, A., Venkatraman, N., Lugonja, B., Clifton, L., Qi, C., and Folegatti, P.M. (2018). Corrigendum to \u201cheterologous two-dose vaccination with simian adenovirus and poxvirus vectors elicits long-lasting cellular immunity to influenza virus a in healthy adults\u201d. EBioMedicine, 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.05.001"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis327","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of the efficacy of a T-cell-based influenza vaccine, MVA-NP+M1, in humans","volume":"55","author":"Lillie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.028","article-title":"Activation of cross-reactive mucosal T and B cell responses in human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue in vitro by Modified Vaccinia Ankara-vectored influenza vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Mullin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folegatti, P.M., Bellamy, D., Flaxman, A., Mair, C., Ellis, C., Ramon, R.L., Ramos Lopez, F., Mitton, C., Baker, M., and Poulton, I. (2019). Safety and immunogenicity of the heterosubtypic influenza a vaccine MVA-NP+M1 manufactured on the AGE1.CR.pIX avian cell line. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7010033"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy214","article-title":"Induction of cross-clade antibody and t-cell responses by a modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza A(H5N1) vaccine in a randomized phase 1\/2a clinical trial","volume":"218","author":"Altenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29594","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity against Ad vectors: Humoral, cellular, and innate response, what\u2019s important?","volume":"10","author":"Kobinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.78","article-title":"Nudeoprotein of influenza A virus is a major target of immunodominant CD8(+) T-cell responses","volume":"91","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/326881a0","article-title":"Cytotoxic lymphocytes-t recognize a fragment of influenza-virus matrix protein in association with HLA-A2","volume":"326","author":"Gotch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3350","article-title":"Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza","volume":"19","author":"Sridhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1086\/498980","article-title":"Prior H1N1 influenza infection and susceptibility of Cleveland Family Study participants during the H2N2 pandemic of 1957: An experiment of nature","volume":"193","author":"Epstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198307073090103","article-title":"Cyto-toxic T-cell immunity to influenza","volume":"309","author":"McMichael","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.F., Wan, Y.M., Qiu, C.L., Quinones-Parra, S., Zhu, Z.Q., Loh, L., Tian, D., Ren, Y.Q., Hu, Y.W., and Zhang, X.Y. (2015). Recovery from severe H7N9 disease is associated with diverse response mechanisms dominated by CD8(+) T cells. Nat. Commun., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7833"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.09.019","article-title":"Cross-protection against influenza virus infection by intranasal administration of M1-based vaccine with chitosan as an adjuvant","volume":"28","author":"Sui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.54","article-title":"The design and proof of concept for a CD8(+) T cell-based vaccine inducing cross-subtype protection against influenza A virus","volume":"91","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00072-2","article-title":"The immunodominant influenza matrix T cell epitope recognized in human induces influenza protection in HLA-A2\/K-b transgenic mice","volume":"309","author":"Plotnicky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737254","article-title":"Synthetic multi-epitope peptides identified in silico induce protective immunity against multiple influenza serotypes","volume":"37","author":"Stoloff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.2.1030","article-title":"Priming with cold-adapted influenza A does not prevent infection but elicits long-lived protection against supralethal challenge with heterosubtypic virus","volume":"178","author":"Powell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.047","article-title":"Protection against multiple influenza A subtypes by vaccination with highly conserved nucleoprotein","volume":"23","author":"Epstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.3.5.4175","article-title":"Vaxfectin (TM)-formulated influenza DNA vaccines encoding NP and M2 viral proteins protect mice against lethal viral challenge","volume":"3","author":"Jimenez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1491","article-title":"Influenza A virus specific T cell immunity in humans during aging","volume":"299","author":"Boon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3437","article-title":"Age-related impaired type 1 T cell responses to influenza: Reduced activation ex vivo, decreased expansion in CTL culture in vitro, and blunted response to influenza vaccination in vivo in the elderly","volume":"172","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/273238a0","article-title":"Transfer of specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes protects mice inoculated with influenza-virus","volume":"273","author":"Yap","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30393-7","article-title":"Immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin-based, universal influenza virus vaccine candidates: Interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00641-13","article-title":"Chimeric hemagglutinin influenza virus vaccine constructs elicit broadly protective stalk-specific antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Krammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy711","article-title":"Universal Influenza virus vaccines that target the conserved hemagglutinin stalk and conserved sites in the head domain","volume":"219","author":"Krammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullard, B.L., and Weaver, E.A. (2021). Strategies targeting hemagglutinin as a universal influenza vaccine. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9030257"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews, S.F., Huang, Y., Kaur, K., Popova, L.I., Ho, I.Y., Pauli, N.T., Henry Dunand, C.J., Taylor, W.M., Lim, S., and Huang, M. (2015). Immune history profoundly affects broadly protective B cell responses to influenza. Sci. Transl. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0522"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1225635","article-title":"From discovery to licensure, the adjuvant system story","volume":"13","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, B.Y., Wong, C.Y., Mifsud, E.J., Edenborough, K.M., Sekiya, T., Tan, A.C., Mercuri, F., Rockman, S., Chen, W., and Turner, S.J. (2015). Inactivated influenza vaccine that provides rapid, innate-immune-system-mediated protection and subsequent long-term adaptive immunity. mBio, 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01024-15"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.041","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant M2e-flagellin influenza vaccine (STF2.4xM2e) in healthy adults","volume":"29","author":"Turley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Hoeven, N., Fox, C.B., Granger, B., Evers, T., Joshi, S.W., Nana, G.I., Evans, S.C., Lin, S., Liang, H., and Liang, L. (2017). A formulated TLR7\/8 agonist is a flexible, highly potent and effective adjuvant for pandemic influenza vaccines. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46426"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.08.008","article-title":"Maximal immune response and cross protection by influenza virus nucleoprotein derived from E. coli using an optimized formulation","volume":"468\u2013470","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awate, S., Babiuk, L.A., and Mutwiri, G. (2013). Mechanisms of action of adjuvants. Front. Immunol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00114"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.05.018","article-title":"PEGylation of a TLR2-agonist-based vaccine delivery system improves antigen trafficking and the magnitude of ensuing antibody and CD8","volume":"137","author":"Sekiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.9.4905","article-title":"Highly immunogenic and totally synthetic lipopeptides as self-adjuvanting immunocontraceptive vaccines","volume":"169","author":"Zeng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.11.192","article-title":"Development and evaluation of AS03, an adjuvant system containing \u03b1-tocopherol and squalene in an oil-in-water emulsion","volume":"11","author":"Vaughn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61297-5","article-title":"Antigen sparing and cross-reactive immunity with an adjuvanted rH5N1 prototype pandemic influenza vaccine: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Borkowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.02.059","article-title":"Effectiveness of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Lansbury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.12.018","article-title":"Global production capacity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in 2019","volume":"39","author":"Sparrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dagan, N., Barda, N., Kepten, E., Miron, O., Perchik, S., Katz, M.A., Hern\u00e1n, M.A., Lipsitch, M., Reis, B., and Balicer, R.D. (2021). BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/971\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:06:50Z","timestamp":1760162810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v13060971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13060971","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]}}}