{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:25:52Z","timestamp":1790234752371,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over two years (2012\u20132014), 719 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 6-week- to 12-month-old infants presenting at the emergency department with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis. Viral testing was performed, and we found that 98% of samples were positive, including 90% for respiratory syncytial virus, 34% for human rhino virus, and 55% for viral co-detections, with a predominance of RSV\/HRV co-infections (30%). Interestingly, we found that the risk of being infected by HRV is higher in the absence of RSV, suggesting interferences or exclusion mechanisms between these two viruses. Conversely, coronavirus infection had no impact on the likelihood of co-infection involving HRV and RSV. Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants before 12 months of age, and many questions about its role in later chronic respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exist. The role of virus detection and the burden of viral codetections need to be further explored, in order to understand the physiopathology of chronic respiratory diseases, a major public health issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13060990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T21:56:44Z","timestamp":1622066204000},"page":"990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["High Frequency of Viral Co-Detections in Acute Bronchiolitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2843-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hortense","family":"Petat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur l\u2019Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, EA2656, F-14033 Caen, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-14033 Caen, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie M\u00e9dicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, EA2656 Universit\u00e9 de Normandie, UNIRouen, F-7600 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Gajdos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antoine B\u00e9cl\u00e8re University Hospital, APHP, 92140 Clamart, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Angoulvant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Paediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3082-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Olivier","family":"Vidalain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Mod\u00e9lisation et Immunologie Pour la Th\u00e9rapie (CBMIT), Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Equipe VIRIMI-Infections Virales, M\u00e9tabolisme et Immunit\u00e9, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CEDEX 07, 69364 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Corbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur l\u2019Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, EA2656, F-14033 Caen, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-14033 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Marguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur l\u2019Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, EA2656, F-14033 Caen, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie M\u00e9dicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, EA2656 Universit\u00e9 de Normandie, UNIRouen, F-7600 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Brouard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur l\u2019Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, EA2656, F-14033 Caen, France"},{"name":"Service de P\u00e9diatrie M\u00e9dicale, CHU Caen, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Vabret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur l\u2019Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, EA2656, F-14033 Caen, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-14033 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3672-9974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meriadeg Ar","family":"Gouilh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur l\u2019Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, EA2656, F-14033 Caen, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-14033 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30951-5","article-title":"Viral bronchiolitis","volume":"389","author":"Florin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marguet, C., Lubrano, M., Gueudin, M., Le Roux, P., Deschildre, A., and Forget, C. (2009). In Very Young Infants Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis Depends on Carried Viruses. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31829b7e43","article-title":"Viral Etiologies of Infant Bronchiolitis, Croup and Upper Respiratory Illness During 4 Consecutive Years","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61901-1","article-title":"Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"381","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.1669","article-title":"Prospective Multicenter Study of Viral Etiology and Hospital Length of Stay in Children with Severe Bronchiolitis","volume":"166","author":"Piedra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","article-title":"Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Children","volume":"372","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24994","article-title":"Acute bronchiolitis: Influence of viral co-infection in infants hospitalized over 12 consecutive epidemic seasons","volume":"90","author":"Petrarca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171333","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1333","article-title":"Effect of Nebulized Hypertonic Saline Treatment in Emergency Departments on the Hospitalization Rate for Acute Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"171","author":"Angoulvant","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv323","article-title":"Respiratory Viral Detection in Children and Adults: Comparing Asymptomatic Controls and Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"213","author":"Self","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv513","article-title":"Virus Type and Genomic Load in Acute Bronchiolitis: Severity and Treatment Response with Inhaled Adrenaline","volume":"213","author":"Skjerven","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2010.01059.x","article-title":"Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus-, but not other virus-, induced wheezing in children","volume":"21","author":"Jartti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01302-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01302-17","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Targeting the G Protein Provides a New Approach for an Old Problem","volume":"92","author":"Tripp","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-012-0233-6","article-title":"Evaluation of viral load in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"201","author":"Scagnolari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, L., Qu, J., Sun, B., Yu, X., Li, H., and Cao, B. (2016). Sustained Viremia and High Viral Load in Respiratory Tract Secretions Are Predictors for Death in Immunocompetent Adults with Adenovirus Pneumonia. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160777"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:08:13Z","timestamp":1760162893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v13060990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13060990","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0416.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]}}}