{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:22:38Z","timestamp":1778800958785,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFD0501800, 2016YFD0501500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0501800, 2016YFD0501500"]}]},{"name":"International S&amp;T Cooperation Program  and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Innovation Program.","award":["17JR7WA030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17JR7WA030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An alternative vaccine design approach and diagnostic kits are highly required against the anticipated pandemicity caused by the South African Territories type 2 (SAT2) Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). However, the distinct antigenicity and immunogenicity of VP1, VP0, and VP3 of FMDV serotype SAT2 are poorly understood. Similarly, the particular roles of the three structural proteins in novel vaccine design and development remain unexplained. We therefore constructed VP1, VP0, and VP3 encoding gene (SAT2:JX014256 strain) separately fused with His-SUMO (histidine-small ubiquitin-related modifier) inserted into pET-32a cassette to express the three recombinant proteins and separately evaluated their antigenicity and immunogenicity in mice. The fusion protein was successfully expressed and purified by the Ni-NTA resin chromatography. The level of serum antibody, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokines against the three distinct recombinant proteins were analyzed. Results showed that the anti-FMDV humoral response was triggered by these proteins, and the fusion proteins did enhance the splenocyte immune response in the separately immunized mice. We observed low variations among the three fusion proteins in terms of the antibody and cytokine production in mice. Hence, in this study, results demonstrated that the structural proteins of SAT2 FMDV could be used for the development of immunodiagnostic kits and subunit vaccine designs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T23:16:46Z","timestamp":1622157406000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antigenicity and Immunogenicity Analysis of the E. coli Expressed FMDV Structural Proteins; VP1, VP0, VP3 of the South African Territories Type 2 Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guoxiu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashenafi","family":"Wubshet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Tigray 280, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaozhong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8422-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Szczotka-Bochniarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Szathmary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RT-Europe Research Center, H-9200 Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00259-9","article-title":"Evolution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus","volume":"91","author":"Domingo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.3.543","article-title":"The structure and function of a foot-and-mouth disease virus-oligosaccharide receptor 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Int."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/1005\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:07Z","timestamp":1760162947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/1005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v13061005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13061005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}