{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:28:44Z","timestamp":1787729324260,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-04-00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-04-00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["197785619 \u2013 SFB 1021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["197785619 \u2013 SFB 1021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. The patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. We investigated the genetic diversity of IAVs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. The complete genomes of 38 IAVs of H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H5N3, H6N2, H11N6, and H11N9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in Moscow, Russia were sequenced. The analysis of phylogenetic trees showed that stable viral genotypes do not persist from year to year in ducks owing to frequent gene reassortment. For comparison, similar analyses were carried out using sequences of IAVs isolated in the same period from ducks and gulls in The Netherlands. Our results revealed a significant difference in diversity and rates of reassortment of IAVs in ducks and gulls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T23:16:46Z","timestamp":1622157406000},"page":"1010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diversity and Reassortment Rate of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Ducks and Gulls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yulia","family":"Postnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Treshchalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Boravleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gambaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aydar","family":"Ishmukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Matrosovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, D-35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron A. M.","family":"Fouchier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Sadykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Prilipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Lomakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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