{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:35:12Z","timestamp":1791941712753,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Korea Government(MSIT)","award":["2018M3A9H4056536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M3A9H4056536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model\u2014including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates\u2014for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3451-0493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi-Quyen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8428-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rare","family":"Rollon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0872-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Ki","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"},{"name":"Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3040845","article-title":"Animal models for influenza viruses: Implications for universal vaccine development","volume":"3","author":"Margine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asha, K., and Kumar, B. 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