{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:36:38Z","timestamp":1790116598865,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>AIDS first emerged decades ago; however, its cure, i.e., eliminating all virus sources, is still unachievable. A critical burden of AIDS therapy is the evasive nature of HIV-1 in face of host immune responses, the so-called \u201clatency.\u201d Recently, a promising approach, the \u201cShock and Kill\u201d strategy, was proposed to eliminate latently HIV-1-infected cell reservoirs. The \u201cShock and Kill\u201d concept involves two crucial steps: HIV-1 reactivation from its latency stage using a latency-reversing agent (LRA) followed by host immune responses to destroy HIV-1-infected cells in combination with reinforced antiretroviral therapy to kill the progeny virus. Hence, a key challenge is to search for optimal LRAs. Looking at epigenetics of HIV-1 infection, researchers proved that some bromodomains and extra-terminal motif protein inhibitors (BETis) are able to reactivate HIV-1 from latency. However, to date, only a few BETis have shown HIV-1-reactivating functions, and none of them have yet been approved for clinical trial. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the epigenetic roles of BETis in HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-related immune responses. Possible future applications of BETis and their HIV-1-reactivating properties are summarized and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"1026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Are BET Inhibitors yet Promising Latency-Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Reactivation in AIDS Therapy?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7971-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanarat","family":"Salahong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, University of Strasbourg, 67300 Schiltigheim, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5052-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rungroch","family":"Sungthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UMR 7517 CNRS\/EOST, 67084 Strasbourg CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a007161","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007161","article-title":"HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy","volume":"2","author":"Arts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000230","article-title":"Residual inflammation and viral reservoirs: Alliance against an HIV cure","volume":"11","author":"Massanella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03060","article-title":"Current status of latency reversing agents facing the heterogeneity of HIV-1 cellular and tissue reservoirs","volume":"10","author":"Kula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-7","article-title":"Latency: The hidden HIV-1 challenge","volume":"3","author":"Marcello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1981","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1981","article-title":"Peering into the HIV reservoir","volume":"28","author":"Benito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0484-2_7","article-title":"HIV persistence on antiretroviral therapy and barriers to a cure","volume":"1075","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.010","article-title":"Redefining the viral reservoirs that prevent HIV-1 eradication","volume":"37","author":"Eisele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2016.1198777","article-title":"Improving combination antiretroviral therapy by targeting HIV-1 gene transcription","volume":"20","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24490","article-title":"The many lives of CTIP2: From AIDS to cancer and cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"229","author":"Cherrier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"HIC1 controls cellular- and HIV-1-gene transcription via interactions with CTIP2 and HMGA1","volume":"6","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00397","article-title":"Targeting the brain reservoirs: Toward an HIV cure","volume":"7","author":"Marban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601516","article-title":"Recruitment of chromatin-modifying enzymes by CTIP2 promotes HIV-1 transcriptional silencing","volume":"26","author":"Marban","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.193","article-title":"p21WAF1 gene promoter is epigenetically silenced by CTIP2 and SUV39H1","volume":"28","author":"Cherrier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr857","article-title":"LSD1 cooperates with CTIP2 to promote HIV-1 transcriptional silencing","volume":"40","author":"Colin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220136110","article-title":"CTIP2 is a negative regulator of P-TEFb","volume":"110","author":"Cherrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku168","article-title":"HMGA1 recruits CTIP2-repressed P-TEFb to the HIV-1 and cellular target promoters","volume":"42","author":"Eilebrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.12.003","article-title":"HIV latency: Should we shock or lock?","volume":"38","author":"Darcis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.06.020","article-title":"Deep latency: A new insight into a functional HIV cure","volume":"45","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01750-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01750-18","article-title":"Resistance to the Tat inhibitor didehydro-cortistatin A is mediated by heightened basal HIV-1 transcription","volume":"10","author":"Mousseau","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103270","article-title":"LILAC pilot study: Effects of metformin on mTOR activation and HIV reservoir persistence during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"65","author":"Planas","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103299","article-title":"Flower power: Locking HIV in the gut with French lilac","volume":"66","author":"Rohr","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.07.001","article-title":"On the way to find a cure: Purging latent HIV-1 reservoirs","volume":"146","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.09.002","article-title":"Mixed effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on the host transcriptome and proteome and their implications for HIV reactivation from latency","volume":"123","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"314","article-title":"Manipulation of the host protein acetylation network by human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"50","author":"Jeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00449.x","article-title":"Transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling of the HIV-1 promoter in response to histone acetylation","volume":"15","author":"Emiliani","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)01152-8","article-title":"Diversity of acetylation targets and roles in transcriptional regulation: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter as a model system","volume":"64","author":"Quivy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuse, S., Calao, M., Kabeya, K., Guiguen, A., Gatot, J.S., Quivy, V., Vanhulle, C., Lamine, A., Vaira, D., and Demonte, D. (2009). Synergistic activation of HIV-1 expression by deacetylase inhibitors and prostratin: Implications for treatment of latent infection. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006093"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505557","article-title":"Sequential treatment with 5-aza-2\u2019-deoxycytidine and deacetylase inhibitors reactivates HIV-1","volume":"8","author":"Bouchat","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835535f5","article-title":"Histone methyltransferase inhibitors induce HIV-1 recovery in resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected HAART-treated patients","volume":"26","author":"Bouchat","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3092751","article-title":"Clinical toxicities of histone deacetylase inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Subramanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00314-8","article-title":"NF-\u0138B binds P-TEFb to stimulate transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II","volume":"8","author":"Barboric","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0199","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB signaling with protein kinase C agonists as an emerging strategy for combating HIV latency","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2016.1254619","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent kinases as therapeutic targets for HIV-1 infection","volume":"20","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-66","article-title":"Effects of prostratin on cyclin T1\/P-TEFb function and the gene expression profile in primary resting CD4+ T cells","volume":"3","author":"Sung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9160","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks682","article-title":"PKC phosphorylates HEXIM1 and regulates P-TEFb activity","volume":"40","author":"Fujinaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"328","article-title":"Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by new semi-synthetic ingenol esters","volume":"462\u2013463","author":"Bartholomeeusen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darcis, G., Kula, A., Bouchat, S., Fujinaga, K., Corazza, F., Ait-Ammar, A., Delacourt, N., Melard, A., Kabeya, K., and Vanhulle, C. (2015). An in-depth comparison of latency-reversing agent combinations in various in vitro and ex vivo HIV-1 latency models identified bryostatin-1+JQ1 and ingenol-B+JQ1 to potently reactivate viral gene expression. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005063"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.03.008","article-title":"HIV \u201cshock and kill\u201d therapy: In need of revision","volume":"166","author":"Abner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80565","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of HIV latency","volume":"126","author":"Cary","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000288","article-title":"Preclinical shock strategies to reactivate latent HIV-1: An update","volume":"11","author":"Darcis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-67","article-title":"HIV-1 transcription and latency: An update","volume":"10","author":"Bouchat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82164-w","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV-1 gene transcription by KAP1 in myeloid lineage","volume":"11","author":"Bellefroid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4108","article-title":"International AIDS Society global scientific strategy: Towards an HIV cure 2016","volume":"22","author":"Deeks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr599","article-title":"Achieving a cure for HIV infection: Do we have reasons to be optimistic?","volume":"67","author":"Janossy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09504","article-title":"Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains","volume":"468","author":"Filippakopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09589","article-title":"Suppression of inflammation by a syn-thetic histone mimic","volume":"468","author":"Nicodeme","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-016-9600-6","article-title":"Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins: New thera-peutic targets in major diseases","volume":"41","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0312165","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition as a novel strategy for reactivation of HIV-1","volume":"92","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.09.008","article-title":"Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by inhibition of BRD4","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150826114359","article-title":"Natural compound-derived epigenetic regulators targeting epigenetic readers, writers and erasers","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0018-0","article-title":"Fate determination in mesenchymal stem cells: A perspective from histone-modifying enzymes","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.162","article-title":"Nuclear landscape of HIV-1 infection and integration","volume":"15","author":"Lusic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00783-3","article-title":"Epigenetic crosstalk in chronic infection with HIV-1","volume":"42","author":"Lange","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601517","article-title":"Suv39H1 and HP1\u03b3 are responsible for chromatin-mediated HIV-1 transcriptional silencing and post-integration latency","volume":"26","author":"Basyuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taniguchi, Y. (2016). The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family: Functional anatomy of BET paralogous proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201610.0100.v1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1604-18.2018","article-title":"Enhancement of BDNF expression and memory by HDAC inhibition requires BET bromodomain reader proteins","volume":"39","author":"Sartor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.3390\/v5061571","article-title":"Bromodomain proteins in HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Boehm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01365-08","article-title":"Brd4 coactivates transcriptional activation of NF-\u0138B via specific binding to acetylated RelA","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.06.029","article-title":"Recruitment of P-TEFb for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by the bromodomain protein Brd4","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705053104","article-title":"Conserved P-TEFb-interacting domain of BRD4 inhibits HIV transcription","volume":"104","author":"Bisgrove","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.06.027","article-title":"The bromodomain protein Brd4 is a positive regulatory component of P-TEFb and stimulates RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription","volume":"19","author":"Jang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/35104575","article-title":"The 7SK small nuclear RNA inhibits the CDK9\/cyclin T1 kinase to control transcription","volume":"414","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.282855","article-title":"Two-pronged binding with bromodomain-containing protein 4 liberates positive transcription elongation factor b from inactive ribonucleoprotein complexes","volume":"287","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks976","article-title":"The BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 activates HIV latency through antagonizing Brd4 inhibition of Tat-transactivation","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01316-08","article-title":"Bromodomain protein Brd4 regulates human immunodeficiency virus transcription through phosphorylation of CDK9 at threonine 29","volume":"83","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114128","article-title":"Evolution of a concept: From accessory protein to key virulence factor, the case of HIV-1 Vpr","volume":"180","author":"Wallet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-289215","article-title":"HIV-1 Vif promotes the G1-to S-phase cell-cycle transition","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.23309","article-title":"BET bromodomain-targeting compounds reactivate HIV from latency via a Tat-independent mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Boehm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.07.025","article-title":"The short isoform of BRD4 promotes HIV-1 latency by engaging repressive SWI\/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes","volume":"67","author":"Conrad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00547-9","article-title":"Modulation of BRD4 in HIV epigenetic regulation: Implications for finding an HIV cure","volume":"18","author":"Alamer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"The BET inhibitor OTX015 reac-tivates latent HIV-1 through P-TEFb","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/10425179209020804","article-title":"A homologue of the Drosophila female sterile homeotic (fsh) gene in the class II region of the human MHC","volume":"2","author":"Beck","year":"1992","journal-title":"DNA Sequence"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.006","article-title":"Analysis of the human endogenous coregulator complexome","volume":"145","author":"Malovannaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050430u","article-title":"Identification of transcription complexes that contain the double bromodomain protein Brd2 and chromatin remodeling machines","volume":"5","author":"Denis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199708010-00004","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic immunization with recombinant gp160 HIV-1 vaccine on HIV-1 proviral DNA and plasma RNA: Relationship to cellular immune responses","volume":"15","author":"Kundu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.23679","article-title":"A new BET on the control of HIV latency","volume":"12","author":"Karn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.02.027","article-title":"The BET protein BRD2 cooperates with CTCF to enforce transcriptional and architectural boundaries","volume":"66","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.11.017","article-title":"The critical role of human transcriptional repressor CTCF mRNA up-regulation in the induction of anti-HIV-1 responses in CD4+ T cells","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06483-7","article-title":"BRD3 and BRD4 BET bromodomain proteins differentially regulate skeletal myogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.01.018","article-title":"The double bromodomain proteins Brd2 and Brd3 couple histone acetylation to transcription","volume":"30","author":"LeRoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05413-11","article-title":"Structural basis and specificity of acetylated transcription factor GATA1 recognition by BET family bromodomain protein Brd3","volume":"31","author":"Gamsjaeger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39986","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39986","article-title":"Bromodomain protein Brd3 promotes Ifnb1 transcription via enhancing IRF3\/p300 complex formation and recruitment to Ifnb1 promoter in macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2017.82.033829","article-title":"The role of bromodomain and extraterminal motif (BET) proteins in chromatin structure","volume":"82","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govin, J., Lestrat, C., Caron, C., Pivot-Pajot, C., Rousseaux, S., and Khochbin, S. (2006). Histone acetylation-mediated chromatin com-paction during mouse spermatogenesis. The Histone Code and Beyond, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-37633-X_9"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of bromodomain testis-specific factor, BRDT, in cancer: A biomarker and a possible therapeutic target","volume":"19","author":"Chuffart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S297","DOI":"10.1086\/655657","article-title":"Innate immune activation in primary HIV-1 infection","volume":"202","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.011","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of HIV-1","volume":"37","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01246","article-title":"Are evolution and the intracellular innate immune system key determinants in HIV transmission?","volume":"8","author":"Sumner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1","article-title":"The BET family in immunity and disease","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-017-0266-5","article-title":"Elevated serum interleukin-6 is predictive of coronary artery disease in intermediate risk overweight patients referred for coronary angiography","volume":"9","author":"Wainstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw287","article-title":"Cytokines and T-cell homeostasis in HIV infection","volume":"214","author":"Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv123","article-title":"Factors associated with plasma IL-6 levels during HIV infection","volume":"212","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283489d1f","article-title":"The effect of HIV infection and HAART on inflammatory biomarkers in a population-based cohort of US women","volume":"25","author":"Keating","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01529-6","article-title":"Association between the cytokine storm, immune cell dynamics, and viral replicative capacity in hyperacute HIV infection","volume":"18","author":"Muema","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/ssajm.ssajm_8_19","article-title":"Levels of interleukin 6 and 10 and their relationship to hematological changes in HIV treatment-na\u00efve and treatment-experienced patients","volume":"6","author":"Akase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sub-Saharan Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v20.i2.10","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 signaling in macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu254","article-title":"Soluble markers of inflammation and coagulation but not T-cell activation predict non\u2013AIDS-defining morbid events during suppressive antiretroviral treatment","volume":"210","author":"Tenorio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuller, L.H., Tracy, R., Belloso, W., de Wit, S., Drummond, F., Lane, H.C., Ledergerber, B., Lundgren, J., Neuhaus, J., and Nixon, D. (2008). Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050203"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00933","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibitors suppress inflammatory activation of gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells from periodontitis patients","volume":"10","author":"Maksylewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.H., Maltby, S., Eyers, F., Foster, P.S., and Yang, M. (2016). Bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) inhibitor suppresses macrophage-driven steroid-resistant exacerbations of airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163392"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.008","article-title":"A novel BET bromodomain inhibitor, RVX-208, shows reduction of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic ApoE deficient mice","volume":"236","author":"Jahagirdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202838","article-title":"BET protein function is required for inflammation: Brd2 genetic disruption and BET inhibitor JQ1 impair mouse macrophage inflammatory responses","volume":"190","author":"Belkina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02665-x","article-title":"Selective BET-bromodomain inhibition by JQ1 suppresses dendritic cell maturation and antigen-specific T-cell responses","volume":"70","author":"Remke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.09.010","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition reduces maturation and enhances tolerogenic properties of human and mouse dendritic cells","volume":"79","author":"Schilderink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0220-6","article-title":"Helper T cell differentiation","volume":"16","author":"Saravia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328335c2f6","article-title":"Th17 cytokines in mucosal immunity and inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Guglani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46516-x","article-title":"Bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 reversibly blocks IFN-\u03b3 production","volume":"9","author":"Gibbons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3643-2","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of HIV-1-infected patients with high levels of plasma interferon-\u03b3: A multicenter observational study","volume":"19","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00498","article-title":"The significance of interferon-\u03b3 in HIV-1 pathogenesis, therapy, and prophylaxis","volume":"4","author":"Roff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.03.011","article-title":"Initiation and maintenance of Th2 cell identity","volume":"20","author":"Nakayama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41588-1","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of the TH2 chemokine CCL18 associated with low CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-1-infected patients with a suppressed viral load","volume":"9","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000522","article-title":"New Th17-specific therapeutic strategies for HIV remission","volume":"14","author":"Planas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bixler, S.L., and Mattapallil, J.J. (2013). Loss and dysregulation of Th17 cells during HIV infection. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/852418"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00880","article-title":"The iDO\u2013ahr axis controls Th17\/Treg immunity in a pulmonary model of fungal infection","volume":"8","author":"Feriotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1793-9","article-title":"Inhibition of the BET family reduces its new target gene IDO1 expression and the production of L-kynurenine","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.12.022","article-title":"Distinct roles of Brd2 and Brd4 in potentiating the transcriptional program for Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"65","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2016.06.002","article-title":"Suppression of TH17-mediated pathology through BET bromodomain inhibition","volume":"19","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130376","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition suppresses TH17-mediated pathology","volume":"210","author":"Mele","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30305-8","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: The ultimate HIV reservoir?","volume":"4","author":"Rocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virus Erad."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a1bca4","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of FOXP3 in patients with chronic HIV infection","volume":"65","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, C., Oh, U., Fugo, K., Takenouchi, N., Griffith, C., Yao, K., Newhook, T.E., Ratner, L., and Jacobson, S. (2006). Foxp3 represses retroviral transcription by targeting both NF-\u03baB and CREB pathways. PLoS Pathog., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020033"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00829-1","article-title":"Underestimated effect of intragenic HIV-1 DNA methylation on viral transcription in infected individuals","volume":"12","author":"Kint","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0077","article-title":"BET Bromodomain inhibition cooperates with PD-1 blockade to facilitate antitumor response in Kras-mutant non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Adeegbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0274-9","article-title":"CD8+ T cells in HIV control, cure and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162043485077","article-title":"CD8+ T-cells: Function and response to HIV infection","volume":"2","author":"Gulzar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1900037","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition suppresses human T cell function","volume":"3","author":"Georgiev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.007","article-title":"Immature CD8 single-positive thymocytes are a molecularly distinct subpopulation, selectively dependent on BRD4 for their differentiation","volume":"24","author":"Gegonne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86437","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition enhances T cell persistence and function in adoptive immunotherapy models","volume":"126","author":"Kagoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12823","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection","volume":"292","author":"Fenwick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02569","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections: Reversing the state of exhaustion and reinvigorating optimal protective immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Saeidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.112034","article-title":"BRD4 inhibition suppresses PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"392","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.032","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition promotes anti-tumor immunity by suppressing PD-L1 expression","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12502","article-title":"B-cell responses to HIV infection","volume":"275","author":"Moir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400065","article-title":"Viral particles drive rapid differentiation of memory B cells into secondary plasma cells producing increased levels of antibodies","volume":"192","author":"Zabel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.08.007","article-title":"Antibody B cell responses in HIV-1 infection","volume":"35","author":"Mouquet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.078","article-title":"BRD4 promotes DNA repair and mediates the formation of TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangements in prostate cancer","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.05.018","article-title":"Chromatin reader Brd4 functions in Ig class switching as a repair complex adaptor of nonhomologous end-joining","volume":"55","author":"Stanlie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2554","article-title":"Uracil-DNA glycosylases\u2014Structural and functional perspectives on an essential family of DNA repair enzymes","volume":"23","author":"Schormann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.7.2556-2563.2003","article-title":"p53 Binding protein 53BP1 is required for DNA damage responses and tumor suppression in mice","volume":"23","author":"Ward","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0147","article-title":"BET proteins are a key component of immunoglobulin gene expression","volume":"9","author":"Shim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01199-x","article-title":"Apabetalone and hospitalization for heart failure in patients following an acute coronary syndrome: A prespecified analysis of the BETonMACE study","volume":"20","author":"Nicholls","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01077-z","article-title":"First-in-human Phase 1 open label study of the BET inhibitor ODM-207 in patients with selected solid tumours","volume":"123","author":"Ameratunga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00233-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00233-19","article-title":"Specific activation in vivo of HIV-1 by a bromodomain inhibitor from monocytic cells in humanized mice under antiretroviral therapy","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16816-1","article-title":"BET inhibitors RVX-208 and PFI-1 reactivate HIV-1 from latency","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-018-0027-5","article-title":"The BET bromodomain inhibitor apabetalone induces apoptosis of latent HIV-1 reservoir cells following viral reactivation","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19754","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310658110","article-title":"RVX-208, an inhibitor of BET transcriptional regulators with selectivity for the second bromodomain","volume":"110","author":"Picaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.04.005","article-title":"A novel bromodomain inhibitor, CPI-203, serves as an HIV-1 latency-reversing agent by activating positive transcription elongation factor b","volume":"164","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12282","article-title":"Control of NF-kB activity in human melanoma by bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor I-BET 151","volume":"27","author":"Gallagher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.05.013","article-title":"I-BET151 selectively regulates IL-6 production","volume":"1842","author":"Barrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02056-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02056-17","article-title":"A new quinoline BRD4 inhibitor targets a distinct latent HIV-1 reservoir for reactivation from other \u201cshock\u201d drugs","volume":"92","author":"Abner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.10.023","article-title":"T cell toxicity of HIV latency reversing agents","volume":"139","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01035","article-title":"A novel bromodomain inhibitor reverses HIV-1 latency through specific binding with BRD4 to promote Tat and P-TEFb association","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"1","article-title":"BET protein inhibition regulates cytokine production and promotes neuroprotection after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Navarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201848081","article-title":"Bromodomain inhibitor I-BET151 suppresses immune responses during fungal\u2013immune interaction","volume":"49","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rueda, C.M., Velilla, P.A., Chougnet, C.A., Montoya, C.J., and Rugeles, M.T. (2012). HIV-induced T-cell activation\/exhaustion in rectal mucosa is controlled only partially by antiretroviral treatment. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030307"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-008-0003-7","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Halwani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1615601114","article-title":"BET N-terminal bromodomain inhibition selectively blocks Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates colitis in mice","volume":"114","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2209","article-title":"Design and characterization of bivalent BET inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.25611","article-title":"Computational study on the selective inhibition mechanism of MS402 to the first and second bromodomains of BRD4","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteins"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/1026\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:10:27Z","timestamp":1760163027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/1026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v13061026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13061026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]}}}