{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:16:01Z","timestamp":1787030161527,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R15 DE025812-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15 DE025812-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three prophylactic vaccines are approved to protect against HPV infections. These vaccines are highly immunogenic. The most recent HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9, protects against HPV types associated with ~90% of cervical cancer (worldwide). Thus, ~10% of HPV-associated cancers are not protected by Gardasil-9. Although this is not a large percentage overall, the HPV types associated with 10% of cervical cancer not protected by the current vaccine are significantly important, especially in HIV\/AIDS patients who are infected with multiple HPV types. To broaden the spectrum of protection against HPV infections, we developed mixed MS2-L2 VLPs (MS2-31L2\/16L2 VLPs and MS2-consL2 (69-86) VLPs) in a previous study. Immunization with the VLPs neutralized\/protected mice against infection with eleven high-risk HPV types associated with ~95% of cervical cancer and against one low-risk HPV type associated with ~36% of genital warts &amp; up to 32% of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Here, we report that the mixed MS2-L2 VLPs can protect mice from three additional HPV types: HPV51, which is associated with ~0.8% of cervical cancer; HPV6, which is associated with up to 60% of genital warts; HPV5, which is associated with skin cancers in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Overall, mixed MS2-L2 VLPs can protect against twelve HPV types associated with ~95.8% of cervical cancers and against two HPV types associated with ~90% of genital warts and &gt;90% recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Additionally, the VLPs protect against one of two HPV types associated with ~90% of HPV-associated skin cancers in patients with EV. More importantly, we observed that mixed MS2-L2 VLPs elicit protective antibodies that last over 9 months. Furthermore, a spray-freeze-dried formulation of the VLPs is stable, immunogenic, and protective at room temperature and 37 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T03:48:08Z","timestamp":1623296888000},"page":"1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mixed Bacteriophage MS2-L2 VLPs Elicit Long-Lasting Protective Antibodies against HPV Pseudovirus 51"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rashi","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukai","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitesh K.","family":"Kunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John\u2019s University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan","family":"Muttil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Tumban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.07.018","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genome variants","volume":"445","author":"Burk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.01.002","article-title":"Classification and evolution of human papillomavirus genome variants: Alpha-5 (HPV26, 51, 69, 82), Alpha-6 (HPV30, 53, 56, 66), Alpha-11 (HPV34, 73), Alpha-13 (HPV54) and Alpha-3 (HPV61)","volume":"516","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002736","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotypes from vaginal and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in females 15-26 years of age","volume":"132","author":"Garland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. 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