{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:52:28Z","timestamp":1787161948455,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I-1543084-2020-22-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-1543084-2020-22-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) are evolving continuously via genetic drift and genetic recombination, making disease prevention and control difficult. In this study, we undertook genetic and pathogenic characterization of recombinant IBVs isolated from chickens in South Korea between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 IBV isolates belonged to GI-19, which includes nephropathogenic IBVs. Ten isolates formed a new cluster, the genomic sequences of which were different from those of reference sequences. Recombination events in the S1 gene were identified, with putative parental strains identified as QX-like, KM91-like, and GI-15. Recombination detection methods identified three patterns (rGI-19-I, rGI-19-II, and rGI-19-III). To better understand the pathogenicity of recombinant IBVs, we compared the pathogenicity of GI-19 with that of the rGI-19s. The results suggest that rGI-19s may be more likely to cause trachea infections than GI-19, whereas rGI-19s were less pathogenic in the kidney. Additionally, the pathogenicity of rGI-19s varied according to the genotype of the major parent. These results indicate that genetic recombination between heterologous strains belonging to different genotypes has occurred, resulting in the emergence of new recombinant IBVs in South Korea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T21:29:16Z","timestamp":1623965356000},"page":"1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of QX(GI-19)-Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"So-Youn","family":"Youn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Youn","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Chan","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Kuk","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8926-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye-Ryoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.10.023","article-title":"Isolation, propagation, identification and comparative pathogenicity of five Egyptian field strains of Eimeria tenella from broiler chickens in five different provinces in Egypt","volume":"92","author":"Awad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. 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Infectious Bronchitis Virus Variants: Molecular Analysis and Pathogenicity Investigation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102030"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/1163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:17:45Z","timestamp":1760163465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/6\/1163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v13061163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13061163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]}}}