{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:26:15Z","timestamp":1790108775368,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immunopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved during a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have made the approaches for research complex, especially concerning the patients\u2019 responses in the course of the early acute stage. The study of molecular bases involved in the viral clearance or persistence of the infection is complicated due to the difficulty to detect patients at the most adequate points of the disease, especially in the time lapse between the onset of the infection and the viral emergence. Despite this, there is valuable data obtained from animal and in vitro models, which have helped to clarify some aspects of the early immune response against HBV infection. The diversity of the HBV (genotypes and variants) has been proven to be associated not only with the development and outcome of the disease but also with the response to treatments. That is why factors involved in the virus evolution need to be considered while studying hepatitis B infection. This review brings together some of the published data to try to explain the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of the infection, clinical outcomes, viral persistence, and the impact of the variants of HBV in these processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Campos-Valdez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo C.","family":"Monroy-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7101-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Armend\u00e1riz-Borunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura V.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26211","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus hepatotropism is mediated by specific receptor recognition in the liver and not restricted to susceptible hosts","volume":"58","author":"Schieck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01363.x","article-title":"Morphogenesis of hepatitis B virus and its subviral envelope particles","volume":"11","author":"Patient","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. 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