{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T22:11:55Z","timestamp":1761948715872,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We summarize here in vitro evidences of efficacy for convalescent plasma, currently approved vaccines and monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2), variants of interest (VOI: B.1.427\/B.1.429, P.2, B.1.525, P.3, B.1.526, and B.1.671.1), and other strains (B.1.1.298 and B.1.258delta). While waiting from real world clinical efficacy, these data provide guidance for the treating physician.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T21:14:51Z","timestamp":1624482891000},"page":"1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Synopsis of In Vitro Efficacy Data of Convalescent Plasma, Currently Marketed Vaccines, and Monoclonal Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Focosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paraisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7979-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Tuccori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacovigilance, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreina","family":"Baj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, June 17). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update 25 February 2021. Special Edition: Proposed Working Definitions of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Variants of Concern. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/covid-19-weekly-epidemiological-update."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2170","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2170","article-title":"Viral infection neutralization tests: A focus on SARS-CoV-2 with implications for convalescent plasma therapy","volume":"31","author":"Focosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Focosi, D., Novazzi, F., Genoni, A., Dentali, F., Dalla Gasperina, D., Baj, A., and Maggi, F. (2021). Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Escape Mutation Q493R After Bamlanivimab\/Etesevimab Treatment for COVID-19. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-524959\/v2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Gao, K., Wang, R., and Wei, G.-W. (2021). Revealing the threat of emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutations to antibody therapies. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.12.439473"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Chen, Z., Azman, A.S., Sun, R., Lu, W., Zheng, N., Zhou, J., Wu, Q., Deng, X., and Zhao, Z. (2021). Comprehensive mapping of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by natural infection or vaccination. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.03.21256506"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horspool, A.M., Ye, C., Wong, T.Y., Russ, B.P., Lee, K.S., Winters, M.T., Bevere, J.R., Kieffer, T., Martinez, I., and Sourimant, J. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants of concern induce lethal disease in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice despite convalescent plasma therapy. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.05.442784"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoury, D.S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T.E., Wheatley, A.K., Juno, J.A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S.J., Triccas, J.A., and Davenport, M.P. (2021). Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kustin, T., Harel, N., Finkel, U., Perchik, S., Harari, S., Tahor, M., Caspi, I., Levy, R., Leshchinsky, M., and Ken Dror, S. (2021). Evidence for increased breakthrough rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccinated individuals. Nat. Med.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.06.21254882"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greaney, A.J., Loes, A.N., Gentles, L.E., Crawford, K.H.D., Starr, T.N., Malone, K.D., Chu, H.Y., and Bloom, J.D. (2021). The SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine elicits more RBD-focused neutralization, but with broader antibody binding within the RBD. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.14.439844"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Klingler, J., Gregory, S., Itri, V., Liu, S., Bandres, J.C., Enyindah-Asonye, G., Liu, X., Oguntuyo, K.Y., Amanat, F., and Lee, B. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a greater array of spike-specific antibody isotypes with more potent complement binding capacity than natural infection. medRxiv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu Jabal, K., Ben Amram, H., Beiruti, K., Brimat, I., Abu Saaa, A., Batish, Y., Sussan, C., Zarka, S., and Edelstein, M. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Immunogenicity in individuals infected before and after COVID-19 vaccination: Israel, January-March 2021: Implications for vaccination policy. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.11.21255273"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranzani, O.T., Hitchings, M., Dorion Neto, M., Lang D\u2019Agostini, T., Cardoso de Paulha, R., Ferreira Pereira de Paula, O., de Moura Villela, F., Scaramuzzini Torres, M.S., Barbosa de Oliveira, M., and Schulz, W. (2021). Effectiveness of the CoronaVac vaccine in the elderly population during a P.1 variant-associated epidemic of COVID-19 in Brazil: A test-negative case-control study. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2015"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadesalingam, A., Cantoni, D., Wells, D.A., Aguinam, E.T., Ferrari, M., Smith, P., Chan, A., Carnell, G., Ohlendorf, L., and Einhauser, S. (2021). Breadth of neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is augmented by vaccination following prior infection: Studies in UK healthcare workers and immunodeficient patients. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.21257901"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, J., Dean, N.E., Madewell, Z.J., Yang, Y., Halloran, M.E., and Longini, I.M. (2021). Efficacy Estimates for Various COVID-19 Vaccines: What we Know from the Literature and Reports. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.20.21257461"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stamatatos, L., Czartoski, J., Wan, Y.-H., Homad, L.J., Rubin, V., Glantz, H., Nerdilek, M., Seydoux, E., Jennewein, M.F., and MacCamy, A.J. (2021). mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science, eabg9175.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.05.21251182"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinite, B., Pradenas, E., Marfil, S., Rovirosa, C., Urrea, V., Tarres-Freixas, F., Ortiz, R., Rodon, J., Veragara-Alert, J., and Segales, J. (2021). Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection increases B.1.1.7 cross-neutralization by vaccinated individuals. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061135"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leier, H.C., Bates, T.A., Lyski, Z.L., McBride, S.K., Lee, D.X., Coulter, F.J., Goodman, J.R., Lu, Z., Curlin, M.E., and Messer, W.B. (2021). Previously infected vaccinees broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.25.21256049"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Focosi, D., Baj, A., and Maggi, F. (2021). Is a single COVID-19 vaccine dose enough in convalescents?. Hum. Vaccines Immunother., 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1917238"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher, K.M.E., Leick, M.B., Larson, R.C., Berger, T.R., Katsis, K., Yam, J.Y., Brini, G., and Grauwet, K. (2021). MGH COVID-19 Collection & Processing Team; Maus, M.V. SARS -CoV-2 T-cell immunity to variants of concern following vaccination. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.03.442455"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neidleman, J., Luo, X., McGregor, M., Xie, G., Murray, V., Greene, W.C., Lee, S.A., and Roan, N.R. (2021). mRNA vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells recognize B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants but differ in longevity and homing properties depending on prior infection status. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.12.443888"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, G., Hu, Z., and Letterio, J. (2021). Modeling and Predicting Antibody Durability for mRNA-1273 Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Variants. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.04.21256537"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pegu, A., O\u2019Connell, S.E., Schmidt, S.D., O\u2019Dell, S., Talana, C.A., Lai, L., Albert, J., Anderson, E., Bennett, H., and Corbett, K. (2021). Durability of mRNA-1273-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.13.444010"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, H.M., Bruton, R., Stephens, C., Brown, K., Amirthalingam, G., Hallis, B., Otter, A., Zuo, J., and Moss, P. (2021). Extended interval BNT162b2 vaccination enhances peak antibody generation in older people. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.15.21257017"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, A., Liu, J., Ma, X., Zhao, F., Yu, B., He, J., Shen, M., Huang, L., Tang, H., and Jiang, E. (2021). Heterologous vaccination strategy for containing COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.17.21257134"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillus, D., Tober-Lau, P., Hastor, H., Helbig, E.T., Lippert, L.J., Thibeault, C., Solarek, A., Kalle, C.V., Corman, V.M., and Kopankiewicz, P. (2021). Reactogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunization with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-nCoV19: A prospective cohort study. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00357-X"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross, R., Zanoni, M., Seidel, A., Conzelmann, C., Gilg, A., Krnavek, D., Erdemci-evin, S., Mayer, B., Hoffmann, M., and Poehlmann, S. (2021). Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and T cell reactivity. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.30.21257971"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros-Martins, J., Hammerschmidt, S., Cossmann, A., Odak, I., Stankov, M.V., Morillas Ramos, G., Jablonka, A., Heidemann, A., Ritter, C., and Friedrichsen, M. (2021). Humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19\/BNT162b2 vaccination. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.01.21258172"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108890","article-title":"The impact of Spike mutations on SARS-CoV-2 neutralization","volume":"34","author":"Muir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03398-2","article-title":"Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7","volume":"593","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edara, V.V., Floyd, K., Lai, L., Gardner, M., Hudson, W., Piantadosi, A., Waggoner, J., Babiker, A., Ahmed, R., and Xie, X. (2021). Infection and mRNA-1273 vaccine antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 UK variant. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.02.21250799"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01318-5","article-title":"Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Planas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J.C., Goldhill, D.H., Zhou, J., Peacock, T.P., Frise, R., Goonawardane, N., Baillon, L., Kugathasan, R., Pinto, A., and McKay, P.F. (2021). Increased transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 (VOC 2020212\/01) is not accounted for by a replicative advantage in primary airway cells or antibody escape. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.24.432576"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, T.A., Leier, H.C., Lyski, Z.L., McBride, S.K., Coulter, F.J., Weinstein, J.B., Goodman, J.R., Lu, Z., Siegel, S.A.R., and Sullivan, P. (2021). Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and vaccinated serum. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.04.21254881"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenwick, C., Turelli, P., Pellaton, C., Farina, A., Campos, J., Raclot, C., Pojer, F., Cagno, V., Pantaleo, G., and Trono, D. (2021). A multiplexed high-throughput neutralization assay reveals a lack of activity against multiple variants after SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.08.21255150"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caniels, T.G., Bontjer, I., van der Straten, K., Poniman, M., Burger, J.A., Appelman, B., Lavell, A.H.A., Oomen, M., Godeke, G.-J., and Valle, C. (2021). Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern evade humoral immune responses from infection and vaccination. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.26.21257441"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wibmer, C.K., Ayres, F., Hermanus, T., Madzivhandila, M., Kgagudi, P., Lambson, B.E., Vermeulen, M., van den Berg, K., Rossouw, T., and Boswell, M. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma. Nat. Med.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.18.427166"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M., Arora, P., Gross, R., Seidel, A., Hoernich, B., Hahn, A., Krueger, N., Graichen, L., Hofmann-Winkler, H., and Kempf, A. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.248: Escape from therapeutic antibodies and antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.036"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edara, V.V., Norwood, C., Floyd, K., Lai, L., Davis-Gardner, M.E., Hudson, W.H., Mantus, G., Nyhoff, L.E., Adelman, M.W., and Fineman, R. (2021). Reduced binding and neutralization of infection- and vaccine-induced antibodies to the B.1.351 (South African) SARS-CoV-2 variant. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.20.432046"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03471-w","article-title":"Escape of SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variants from neutralization by convalescent plasma","volume":"593","author":"Cele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riou, C., Keeton, R., Moyo-Gwete, T., Hermanus, T., Kgagudi, P., Baguma, R., Tegally, H., Doolabh, D., Iranzadeh, A., and Tyers, L. (2021). Loss of recognition of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant spike epitopes but overall preservation of T cell immunity. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258307"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, P.D., Sapkal, G., Ella, R., Sahay, R.R., Nyayanit, D.A., Patil, D.Y., Deshpande, G., Shete, A.M., Gupta, N., and Mohan, V.K. (2021). Neutralization against B.1.351 and B.1.617.2 with sera of COVID-19 recovered cases and vaccinees of BBV152. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.05.447177"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.04.007","article-title":"Increased Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variant P.1 to Antibody Neutralization","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, P., Sapkal, G.N., Abraham, P., Ella, R., Deshpande, G., Patil, D.Y., Nyayanit, D., Gupta, N., Sahay, R.R., and Shete, A.M. (2021). Neutralization of variant under investigation B.1.617 with sera of BBV152 vaccinees. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciab411.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.23.441101"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tada, T., Zhou, H., Dcosta, B.M., Samanovic, M.I., Mulligan, M.J., and Landau, N.R. (2021). The Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 and B.1.618 Variants Identified in India Provide Partial Resistance to Vaccine-elicited and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.14.444076"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Planas, D., Veyer, D., Baidaliuk, A., Staropoli, I., Guivel-Benhassine, F., Rajah, M., Planchais, C., Porrot, F., Robillard, N., and Puech, J. (2021). Reduced sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.2 to monoclonal antibodies and sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.26.445838"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M., Hofmann-Winkler, H., Krueger, N., Kempf, A., Nehlmeier, I., Graichen, L., Sidarovich, A., Moldenhauer, A.-S., Winkler, M.S., and Schulz, S. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 is resistant to Bamlanivimab and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.04.442663"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapkal, G., Yadav, P.D., Ella, R., Abraham, P., Patil, D.Y., Gupta, N., Panda, S., Mohan, V.K., and Bhargava, B. (2021). Neutralization of B.1.1.28 P2 variant with sera of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and recipients of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine Covaxin. J. Travel Med., taab077.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.30.441559"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, P., Mohandas, S., Sarkale, P., Nyayanit, D., Shete, A., Sahay, R., Potdar, V., Baradkar, S., Gupta, N., and Sapkal, G. (2021). Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.28.2 P2 variant and pathogenicity comparison with D614G variant in hamster model. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.24.445424"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCallum, M., Bassi, J., De Marco, A., Chen, A., Walls, A.C., Di Iulio, J., Tortorici, M.A., Navarro, M.-J., Silacci-Fregni, C., and Saliba, C. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by variant B.1.427\/B.1.429. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.31.437925"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Dcosta, B.M., Samanovic, M.I., Mulligan, M.J., Landau, N.R., and Tada, T.B. (2021). 1.526 SARS-CoV-2 variants identified in New York City are neutralized by vaccine-elicited and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.24.436620"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Annavajhala, M.K., Mohri, H., Zucker, J.E., Sheng, Z., Wang, P., Gomez-Simmonds, A., Ho, D.D., and Uhlemann, A.-C. (2021). A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York. medrXiv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.037","article-title":"The circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike variant N439K maintains fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity","volume":"184","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Lee, Y., Ravichandran, S., Grubbs, G., Huang, C., Stauft, C., Wang, T., Golding, B., Golding, H., and Khurana, S. (2021). Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent plasma and hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulins for treatment of COVID-19. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.19.436183"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e335","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00055-4","article-title":"Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: An ecological study","volume":"6","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho, R.M., Marquitti, F.M.D., Ferreira, L.S., Borges, M.E., Silva, R.L.P.d., Canton, O., Portella, T.P., Lyra, S.P., Franco, C., and Silva, A.D. (2021). Model-based evaluation of transmissibility and reinfection for the P.1 variant of the SARS-CoV-2. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00048-6"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Harrington, D., Kele, B., Pereira, S., Couto-Parada, X., Riddell, A., Forbes, S., Dobbie, H., and Cutino-Moguel, T. (2021). Confirmed Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Variant VOC-202012\/01. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciab0."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Zucman, N., Uhel, F., Descamps, D., Roux, D., and Ricard, J.D. (2021). Severe reinfection with South African SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2: A case report. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciab129."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naveca, F., da Costa, C., Nascimento, V., Souza, V., Corado, A., Nascimento, F., Costa, A., Duarte, D., Silva, G., and Mej\u00eda, M. (2021, January 27). SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection by the New Variant of Concern (VOC) P.1 in Amazonas, Brazil. Available online: https:\/\/virological.org\/t\/sars-cov-2-reinfection-by-the-new-variant-of-concern-voc-p-1-in-amazonas-brazil\/596.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-318392\/v1"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Resende, P., Bezerra, J., de Vasconcelos, R., Arantes, I., Appolinario, L., Mendon\u00e7a, A., Paixao, A., Duarte Rodrigues, A., Silva, T., and Rocha, A. (2021, June 17). Spike E484K mutation in the first SARS-CoV-2 reinfection case confirmed in Brazil. Available online: https:\/\/virological.org\/t\/spike-e484k-mutation-in-the-first-sars-cov-2-reinfection-case-confirmed-in-brazil-2020\/584."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, C., Miranda Franco, M., Gr\u00e4f, T., Mendes, A.V.A., de Aguiar, R.S., Giovanetti, M., and Solano de Freitas Souza, B. (2021). Genomic Evidence of a Sars-Cov-2 Reinfection Case with E484K Spike Mutation in Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 27.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.210191"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Wang, R., Zhang, Q., Ge, J., Ren, W., Zhang, R., Lan, J., Ju, B., Su, B., Yu, F., and Chen, P. (2021). Spike mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants confer resistance to antibody neutralization. biorXiv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919285","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2021.1919285","article-title":"501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3 variants of SARS-CoV-2 lose binding to Bamlanivimab in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widera, M., Wilhelm, A., Hoehl, S., Pallas, C., Kohmer, N., Wolf, T., Rabenau, H.F., Corman, V.M., Drosten, C., and Vehreschild, M.J. (2021). Bamlanivimab does not neutralize two SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying E484K in vitro. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.24.21252372"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Huynh, T., and Luan, B. (2021). In silico Assessment of Antibody Drug Resistance to Bamlanivimab of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.617. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.12.443826"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100255","article-title":"Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016","volume":"2","author":"Starr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westendorf, K., \u017dentelis, S., Foster, D., Vaillancourt, P., Wiggin, M., Lovett, E., Hendle, J., Pustilnik, A., Sauder, J.M., and Kraft, L. (2021). LY-CoV1404 potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.30.442182"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Lee, S.-Y., Ryu, D.-K., Choi, Y.K., Moore, P., Baalen, C.A.V., Song, R., Tijsma, A.S., Gwete-Moyo, T., Kim, M., and Kim, Y.-I. (2021). Therapeutic effect of CT-P59 against SARS-CoV-2 South African variant. medrXiv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cathcart, A.L., Havenar-Daughton, C., Lempp, F.A., Ma, D., Schmid, M., Agostini, M.L., Guarino, B., Di iulio, J., Rosen, L., and Tucker, H. (2021). The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.09.434607"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23473-6","article-title":"Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vaccinated individuals","volume":"12","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01270-4","article-title":"Neutralization of spike 69\/70 deletion, E484K, and N501Y SARS-CoV-2 by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tada, T., Dcosta, B.M., Samanovic-Golden, M., Herati, R.S., Cornelius, A., Mulligan, M.J., and Landau, N.R. (2021). Neutralization of viruses with European, South African, and United States SARS-CoV-2 variant spike proteins by convalescent sera and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.05.430003"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.008","article-title":"SARS CoV-2 escape variants exhibit differential infectivity and neutralization sensitivity to convalescent or post-vaccination sera","volume":"29","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, C., Saade, C., Bal, A., Valette, M., Saker, K., Lina, B., Josset, L., Trabaud, M.-A., Thiery, G., and Botelho-Nevers, E. (2021). Live virus neutralization testing in convalescent and vaccinated subjects against 19A, 20B, 20I\/501Y.V1 and 20H\/501.V2 isolates of SARS-CoV-2. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.11.21256578"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Bodnar, B.H., Wang, X., Wang, P., Meng, F., Khan, A.I., Saribas, A.S., Padhiar, N.H., McCluskey, E., and Shah, S. (2021). Correlation of vaccine-elicited antibody levels and neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.31.445871"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.013","article-title":"Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity","volume":"184","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Mohsen, M., Bachmann, M.F., Vogel, M., Augusto, G.S., Liu, X., and Chang, X. (2021). BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces antibodies of broader cross-reactivity than natural infection but recognition of mutant viruses is up to 10-fold reduced. Allergy."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stankov, M., Cossmann, A., Bonifacius, A., Jablonka, A., Morillas Ramos, G., Goedecke, N., Zychlinsky Scharff, A., Happle, C., Boeck, A.-L., and Tran, A.T. (2021). Humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants and human coronaviruses after single BNT162b2 vaccination. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.16.21255412"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strengert, M., Becker, M., Ramos, G.M., Dulovic, A., Gruber, J., Juengling, J., L\u00fcrken, K., Beigel, A., Wrenger, E., and Lonnemann, G. (2021). Cellular and humoral immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients on hemodialysis. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.26.21257860"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Raddad, L.J., Chemaitelly, H., and Butt, A.A. (2021). Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2104974"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Zou, J., Fontes-Garfias, C.R., Xia, H., Swanson, K.A., Cutler, M., Cooper, D., Menachery, V.D., Weaver, S.D., and Dormitzer, P.R. (2021). Neutralization of N501Y mutant SARS-CoV-2 by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.07.425740"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Collier, D., Meng, B., Ferreira, I., Datir, R., Temperton, N.J., Elmer, A., Graves, B., Kingston, N., McCoy, L., and Smith, K. (2021). Impact of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Spike variant on neutralisation potency of sera from individuals vaccinated with Pfizer vaccine BNT162b2. medrXiv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg6105","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera","volume":"371","author":"Muik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumley, S.F., Rodger, G., Constantinides, B., Sanderson, N., Chau, K.K., Street, T.L., O\u2019Donnell, D., Howarth, A., Hatch, S.B., and Marsden, B.D. (2021). An observational cohort study on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and B.1.1.7 variant infection in healthcare workers by antibody and vaccination status. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.09.21253218"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez Bernal, J., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Gallagher, E., Simmons, R., Thelwall, S., Tessier, E., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., and Myers, R. (2021). Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.22.21257658"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Dejnirattisai, W., Zhou, D., Supasa, P., Liu, C., Mentzer, A.J., Ginn, H., Zhao, Y., Duyvesteyn, H.M.E., Tuekprakhon, A., and Nutalai, R. (2021). Antibody evasion by the Brazilian P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. medrXiv."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Ferreira, I., Datir, R., Papa, G., Kemp, S., Meng, B., Rakshit, P., Singh, S., Pandey, R., Ponnusamy, K., and Radhakrishnan, V.S. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 emergence and sensitivity to vaccine-elicited antibodies. medrXiv."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edara, V.-V., Lai, L., Sahoo, M., Floyd, K., Sibai, M., Solis, D., Flowers, M.W., Hussaini, L., Ciric, C.R., and Bechnack, S. (2021). Infection and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.1 variant. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.09.443299"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, P.-Y., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Xia, H., Zou, J., Weaver, S., Swanson, K., Cai, H., Cutler, M., and Cooper, D. (2021). Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.617.1 and B.1.525 by BNT162b2-elicited sera. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-540721\/v1"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2102179","article-title":"Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett, K.S., Werner, A., O\u2019Connell, S., Gagne, M., Lai, L., Moliva, J.I., Flynn, B., Choi, A., Koch, M., and Foulds, K.E. (2021). Evaluation of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 Infection in Nonhuman Primates. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.21.445189"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4388","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants After Infection and Vaccination","volume":"325","author":"Edara","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.002","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral Spike vaccines","volume":"29","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Madhi, S.A., Baillie, V., Cutland, C.L., Voysey, M., Koen, A.L., Fairlie, L., Padayachee, S.D., Dheda, K., Barnabas, S.L., and Bhorat, Q.E. (2021). Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant. N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, R., van Doremalen, N., Adney, D., Yinda, C.K., Port, J.R., Holbrook, M.G., Schulz, J.E., Williamson, B.N., Thomas, T., and Barbian, K. (2021). ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.11.435000"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, P., Sapkal, G.N., Abraham, P., Deshpande, G., Nyayanit, D.A., Patil, D.Y., Gupta, N., Sahay, R.R., Shete, A.M., and Kumar, S. (2021). Neutralization potential of Covishield vaccinated individuals against B.1.617.1. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciab483.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.12.443645"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Ikegame, S., Siddiquey, M.N.A., Hung, C.-T., Haas, G., Brambilla, L., Oguntunyo, K.Y., Kowdle, S., Vilardo, A.E., Edelstein, A., and Perandones, C. (2021). Qualitatively distinct modes of Sputnik V vaccine-neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants. medrXiv."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103055","article-title":"Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant","volume":"384","author":"Shinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapkal, G.N., Yadav, P., Ella, R., Deshpande, G.R., Sahay, R.R., Gupta, N., Mohan, V.K., Abraham, P., Panda, S., and Bhargava, B. (2021). Neutralization of UK-variant VUI-202012\/01 with COVAXIN vaccinated human serum. medrXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.26.426986"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Shen, H., Huang, R., Tong, X., and Wu, C. (2021). Serum neutralising activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by CoronaVac. Lancet Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00287-5"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, P., Moyo, T., Hermanus, T., Kgagudi, P., Ayres, F., Makhado, Z., Sadoff, J., Le Gars, M., van Roey, G., and Crowther, C. (2021). Neutralizing antibodies elicited by the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine show reduced activity against 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), despite protection against severe disease by this variant. biorXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.09.447722"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/7\/1211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:22:13Z","timestamp":1760163733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/7\/1211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v13071211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13071211","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}