{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:53:00Z","timestamp":1790434380622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gene therapy vectors derived from different viral species have become a fixture in biomedicine, both for direct therapeutic intervention and as tools to facilitate cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapies. On the contrary, extracellular vesicles have only recently gained a massive increase in interest and, concomitantly, knowledge in the field has drastically risen. Viral infections and extracellular vesicle biology overlap in many ways, both with pro- and antiviral outcomes. In this review, we take a closer look at these interactions for the most prominent groups of viral vectors (Adenoviral, Adeno-associated and Retro\/Lentiviral vectors) and the possible implications of these overlaps for viral vector technology and its biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"1238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["On the Relationship of Viral Particles and Extracellular Vesicles: Implications for Viral Vector Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Metzner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Zaruba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2016.11.003","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Unique Intercellular Delivery Vehicles","volume":"27","author":"Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.222406","article-title":"New insights into extracellular vesicle biogenesis and function","volume":"132","author":"Latifkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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