{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:13:27Z","timestamp":1790817207709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol of Sun Yat-sen University","award":["#09020-32030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#09020-32030002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe reproductive failure in sows and respiratory diseases in growing and finishing pigs and results in great economic losses to the swine industry. Although vaccines are available, PRRSV remains a major threat to the pig farms. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop antiviral drugs to compensate for vaccines. In this study, we report that Aloe extract (Ae) can strongly inhibit PRRSV in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages lines (iPAMs) in vitro. Furthermore, we identified a novel anti-PRRSV molecule, Emodin, from Ae by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Emodin exerted its inhibitory effect through targeting the whole stages of PRRSV infectious cycle. Moreover, we also found that Emodin can inactivate PRRSV particles directly. Notably, we confirmed that Emodin was able to significantly induce Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) (p &lt; 0.01), IFN-\u03b1 (p &lt; 0.05) and IFN-\u03b2 expression in iPAMs, indicating that induction of antiviral agents via TLR3 activation by Emodin might contribute to its anti-PRRSV effect. These findings imply that the Emodin from Aloe could hamper the proliferation of PRRSV in vitro and might constitute a new approach for treating PRRSV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Emodin from Aloe Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050662","article-title":"Current knowledge on the structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus","volume":"145","author":"Dea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. 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