{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T02:59:09Z","timestamp":1774925949927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AG032958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AG032958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) has been detected in human adrenal glands, raising the possibility of virus-induced adrenal damage and dysfunction during primary infection or reactivation. Rare cases of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and insufficiency associated with VZV reactivation have been reported. Since there is no animal model for VZV infection of adrenal glands, we obtained adrenal glands from two non-human primates (NHPs) that spontaneously developed varicella from primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection, the NHP VZV homolog. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed SVV antigen and DNA in the adrenal medulla and cortex of both animals. Adrenal glands were observed to have Cowdry A inclusion bodies, cellular necrosis, multiple areas of hemorrhage, and varying amounts of polymorphonuclear cells. No specific association of SVV antigen with \u03b2III-tubulin-positive nerve fibers was found. Overall, we found that SVV can productively infect NHP adrenal glands, and is associated with inflammation, hemorrhage, and cell death. These findings suggest that further studies are warranted to examine the contribution of VZV infection to human adrenal disease. This study also suggests that VZV infection may present itself as acute adrenal dysfunction with \u201clong-hauler\u201d symptoms of fatigue, weakness, myalgias\/arthralgias, and hypotension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"1245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Histopathological Analysis of Adrenal Glands after Simian Varicella Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christy S.","family":"Niemeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Mescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocio","family":"Griggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0417-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Orlicky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory K.","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Bubak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8336-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James E.","family":"Hassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Feia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Mahalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Traina-Dorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Nagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3215","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of varicella zoster virus pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Zerboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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