{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:25:51Z","timestamp":1781659551801,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["48968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["48968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhinovirus (RV) is commonly detected in asymptomatic children; hence, its pathogenicity during childhood pneumonia remains controversial. We evaluated RV epidemiology in HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls. PERCH was a case-control study that enrolled children (1\u201359 months) hospitalized with severe and very severe pneumonia per World Health Organization clinical criteria and age-frequency-matched community controls in seven countries. Nasopharyngeal\/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for all participants, combined, and tested for RV and 18 other respiratory viruses using the Fast Track multiplex real-time PCR assay. RV detection was more common among cases (24%) than controls (21%) (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI:1.3\u20131.6). This association was driven by the children aged 12\u201359 months, where 28% of cases vs. 18% of controls were RV-positive (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI:1.8\u20132.5). Wheezing was 1.8-fold (aOR 95%CI:1.4\u20132.2) more prevalent among pneumonia cases who were RV-positive vs. RV-negative. Of the RV-positive cases, 13% had a higher probability (&gt;75%) that RV was the cause of their pneumonia based on the PERCH integrated etiology analysis; 99% of these cases occurred in children over 12 months in Bangladesh. RV was commonly identified in both cases and controls and was significantly associated with severe pneumonia status among children over 12 months of age, particularly those in Bangladesh. RV-positive pneumonia was associated with wheezing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"1249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky L.","family":"Baillie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6091-1605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azwifarwi","family":"Mathunjwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry C.","family":"Baggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health\u2013U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Feikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Hammitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R. C.","family":"Howie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Basse 273, The Gambia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics: Child & Youth Health, University of Auckland, Park Rd, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Deloria","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Kotloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orin S.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-1030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald M.","family":"Thea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Basse 273, The Gambia"},{"name":"Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7JJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet O.","family":"Awori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas S. 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