{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:36:39Z","timestamp":1792787799879,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["767015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["767015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The International Science and Technology Center","award":["ISTC grant A-2140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISTC grant A-2140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteriophages that lyse Salmonella enterica are potential tools to target and control Salmonella infections. Investigating the host range of Salmonella phages is a key to understand their impact on bacterial ecology, coevolution and inform their use in intervention strategies. Virus\u2013host infection networks have been used to characterize the \u201cpredator\u2013prey\u201d interactions between phages and bacteria and provide insights into host range and specificity. Here, we characterize the target-range and infection profiles of 13 Salmonella phage clones against a diverse set of 141 Salmonella strains. The environmental source and taxonomy contributed to the observed infection profiles, and genetically proximal phages shared similar infection profiles. Using in vitro infection data, we analyzed the structure of the Salmonella phage\u2013bacteria infection network. The network has a non-random nested organization and weak modularity suggesting a gradient of target-range from generalist to specialist species with nested subsets, which are also observed within and across the different phage infection profile groups. Our results have implications for our understanding of the coevolutionary mechanisms shaping the ecological interactions between Salmonella phages and their bacterial hosts and can inform strategies for targeting Salmonella enterica with specific phage preparations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T13:39:22Z","timestamp":1624887562000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Investigation of Salmonella Phage\u2013Bacteria Infection Profiles: Network Structure Reveals a Gradient of Target-Range from Generalist to Specialist Phage Clones in Nested Subsets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Khatuna","family":"Makalatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Teaching University Geomedi, Tbilisi 0114, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8496-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elene","family":"Kakabadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nata","family":"Bakuradze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Grdzelishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Stamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5619-5244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezra","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avraam","family":"Tapinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9GB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4116-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidan","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-3468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos G.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7859-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Chanishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Megremis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9GB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, April 06). 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