{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T21:44:45Z","timestamp":1784065485780,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 DA26306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 DA26306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA051295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA051295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA044909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA044909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA043535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA043535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 MH018399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 MH018399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is highly prevalent among people with HIV (PWH) and is a significant public health problem. HIV and METH use are each associated with immune system dysfunction; however, the combined effects on the immune system are poorly understood. This cross-sectional project measured soluble immune biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from a control group, people with a history of a METH use disorder (METH+), PWH with no history of METH use disorder (HIV+), and PWH with a history of METH use disorder (HIV+\/METH+). HIV, METH, and immune dysfunction can also be associated with affective and cognitive deficits, so we characterized mood and cognition in our participants. Two factor analyses were performed for the plasma and CSF biomarkers. Plasma IL-8, Ccl2, VEGF, and 8-isoprostane loaded onto one factor that was highest in the HIV+\/METH+ group (p &lt; 0.047) reflecting worse inflammation, vascular injury, and oxidative stress. This plasma factor was also negatively correlated with delayed recall (R = \u22120.49, p = 0.010), which was worst in the HIV+\/METH+ group (p = 0.030 compared to the control group). Overall, these data implicate that combined HIV-1 infection and METH use may exacerbate inflammation, leading to worse cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1625141007000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Relationships between HIV-1 Infection, History of Methamphetamine Use Disorder, and Soluble Biomarkers in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"T. Jordan","family":"Walter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Iudicello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra Rosario","family":"Cookson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared W.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpi","family":"Minassian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Letendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1584-6","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Substance Use Disorders Among HIV Care Enrollees in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Hartzler","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9869-7","article-title":"Methamphetamine use, transmission risk behavior and internet use among HIV-infected patients in medical care, San Francisco, 2008","volume":"16","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0490-9","article-title":"The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected subjects","volume":"25","author":"Osuji","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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