{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:33:42Z","timestamp":1792452822757,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10430012010006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10430012010006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["713660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has an enormous impact on human health and economy. In search for therapeutic options, researchers have proposed resveratrol, a food supplement with known antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties as an advantageous antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we provide evidence that both resveratrol and its metabolically more stable structural analog, pterostilbene, exhibit potent antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. First, we show that resveratrol and pterostilbene antiviral activity in African green monkey kidney cells. Both compounds actively inhibit virus replication within infected cells as reduced virus progeny production was observed when the compound was added at post-inoculation conditions. Without replenishment of the compound, antiviral activity was observed up to roughly five rounds of replication, demonstrating the long-lasting effect of these compounds. Second, as the upper respiratory tract represents the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 replication, we also assessed antiviral activity in air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) cultured human primary bronchial epithelial cells, isolated from healthy volunteers. Resveratrol and pterostilbene showed a strong antiviral effect in these cells up to 48 h post-infection. Collectively, our data indicate that resveratrol and pterostilbene are promising antiviral compounds to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Because these results represent laboratory findings in cells, we advocate evaluation of these compounds in clinical trials before statements are made whether these drugs are advantageous for COVID-19 treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T22:16:48Z","timestamp":1626041808000},"page":"1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Resveratrol and Pterostilbene Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Air\u2013Liquid Interface Cultured Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bram M.","family":"ter Ellen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilima","family":"Dinesh Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Troost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise P.I.","family":"van de Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi H.","family":"van der Ende-Metselaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Apperloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djoke","family":"van Gosliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children\u2019s Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"van den Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn C.","family":"Nawijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.J.","family":"van der Voort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela A.","family":"Rodenhuis-Zybert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda M.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, February 07). 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