{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1792282963391,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTA2015-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTA2015-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERTA 2017--003-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERTA 2017--003-C02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mosquito-borne flaviviruses USUV and WNV are known to co-circulate in large parts of Europe. Both are a public health concern, and USUV has been the cause of epizootics in both wild and domestic birds, and neurological cases in humans in Europe. Here, we explore the susceptibility of magpies to experimental USUV infection, and how previous exposure to USUV would affect infection with WNV. None of the magpies exposed to USUV showed clinical signs, viremia, or detectable neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a neurovirulent WNV strain, neither viremia, viral titer of WNV in vascular feathers, nor neutralizing antibody titers of previously USUV-exposed magpies differed significantly with respect to magpies that had not previously been exposed to USUV. However, 75% (6\/8) of the USUV-exposed birds survived, while only 22.2% (2\/9) of those not previously exposed to USUV survived. WNV antigen labeling by immunohistochemistry in tissues was less evident and more restricted in magpies exposed to USUV prior to challenge with WNV. Our data indicate that previous exposure to USUV partially protects magpies against a lethal challenge with WNV, while it does not prevent viremia and direct transmission, although the mechanism is unclear. These results are relevant for flavivirus ecology and contention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T11:26:10Z","timestamp":1626780370000},"page":"1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Previous Usutu Virus Exposure Partially Protects Magpies (Pica pica) against West Nile Virus Disease But Does Not Prevent Horizontal Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5036-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"Escribano-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3129-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nereida","family":"Jim\u00e9nez de Oya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Cruz","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Biotechnology Research Group SaBio, National Institute for Game Rearch IREC (University of Castilla\u2014La Mancha UCLM-National Research Council CSIC-Regional Government of Castilla\u2014La Mancha JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0847-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Bel\u00e9n","family":"Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Acebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Risalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda y Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba (UCO), 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda de C\u00f3rdoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Muriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda y Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba (UCO), 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8269-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Carlos","family":"Saiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"H\u00f6fle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Biotechnology Research Group SaBio, National Institute for Game Rearch IREC (University of Castilla\u2014La Mancha UCLM-National Research Council CSIC-Regional Government of Castilla\u2014La Mancha JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.73-83.1998","article-title":"Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus","volume":"72","author":"Kuno","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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