{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:38:40Z","timestamp":1761824320959,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection affects millions of individuals worldwide and can lead to severe leukemia, myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis, and numerous other disorders. Pursuing a safe and effective immunotherapeutic approach, we compared the viral polyprotein and the human proteome with a sliding window approach in order to identify oligopeptide sequences unique to the virus. The immunological relevance of the viral unique oligopeptides was assessed by searching them in the immune epitope database (IEDB). We found that HTLV-1 has 15 peptide stretches each consisting of uniquely viral non-human pentapeptides which are ideal candidate for a safe and effective anti-HTLV-1 vaccine. Indeed, experimentally validated HTLV-1 epitopes, as retrieved from the IEDB, contain peptide sequences also present in a vast number of human proteins, thus potentially instituting the basis for cross-reactions. We found a potential for cross-reactivity between the virus and the human proteome and described an epitope platform to be used in order to avoid it, thus obtaining effective, specific, and safe immunization. Potential advantages for mRNA and peptide-based vaccine formulations are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T22:35:02Z","timestamp":1627425302000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Epitope Platform for Safe and Effective HTLV-1-Immunization: Potential Applications for mRNA and Peptide-Based Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Lucchese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0482-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Jahantigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Animal Health and Zoonosis Doctoral Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonarda","family":"De Benedictis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1609-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Lovreglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Stufano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Animal Health and Zoonosis Doctoral Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30402-5","article-title":"Association between HTLV-1 infection and adverse health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"20","author":"Schierhout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666161222141318","article-title":"HTLV-1 Associated Neurological Disorders","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0086","article-title":"Incidence of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis in a Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study of Initially Asymptomatic Individuals in Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Romanelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaresma, J.A.S., Yoshikawa, G.T., Koyama, R.V.L., Dias, G.A.S., Fujihara, S., and Fuzii, H.T. (2015). HTLV-1, Immune Response and Autoimmunity. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8010005"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0502-509","article-title":"Autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry as a cause of neurological disease","volume":"8","author":"Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.07.069","article-title":"The novel immunogenic chimeric peptide vaccine to elicit potent cellular and mucosal immune responses against HTLV-1","volume":"549","author":"Kabiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.11.003","article-title":"Robust mucosal and systemic responses against HTLV-1 by delivery of multi-epitope vaccine in PLGA nanoparticles","volume":"133","author":"Kabiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13948","article-title":"Maintenance of long remission in adult T-cell leukemia by Tax-targeted vaccine: A hope for disease-preventive therapy","volume":"110","author":"Kannagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209789105135","article-title":"\u201cSelf-Nonself\u201d Peptides in the Design of Vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Kanduc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.2741\/s341","article-title":"Peptide cross-reactivity the original sin of vaccines","volume":"S4","author":"Kanduc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The UniProt Consortium (2019). UniProt: A worldwide hub of protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Res., 47, D506\u2013D515.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1049"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt484","article-title":"A fast PeptideMatch service for UniProt knowledgebase","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D339","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1006","article-title":"The immune epitope database (IEDB): 2018 update","volume":"47","author":"Vita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv639","article-title":"Gapped sequence alignment using artificial neural networks: Application to the MHC class I system","volume":"32","author":"Andreatta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, S., Hasan, K., Bin Manjur, O.H., Khan, A., Sharmin, Z., Pavel, M.A., and Hossain, F. (2020). Predicting and Designing Epitope Ensemble Vaccines against HTLV-1. J. Integr. Bioinform., 16.","DOI":"10.1515\/jib-2018-0051"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C625","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00292.2015","article-title":"Pivotal role of AKAP121 in mitochondrial physiology","volume":"310","author":"Czachor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80795-3","article-title":"Modulation of Ion Channels: A \u201cCurrent\u201d View of AKAPs","volume":"23","author":"Fraser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-020-00729-x","article-title":"The architecture and function of cardiac dyads","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03582-z","article-title":"Cellular and molecular effects of hyperglycemia on ion channels in vascular smooth muscle","volume":"78","author":"Tamez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02430-0","article-title":"Cav1.2 channelopathies causing autism: New hallmarks on Timothy syndrome","volume":"472","author":"Marcantoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24585","article-title":"Targeting microglia L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels for the treatment of central nervous system disorders","volume":"99","author":"Hopp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaehler, C., Isensee, J., Nonhoff, U., Terrey, M., Hucho, T., Lehrach, H., and Krobitsch, S. (2012). Ataxin-2-Like Is a Regulator of Stress Granules and Processing Bodies. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050134"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103775","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21790","article-title":"Fusion of the genes ataxin 2 like, ATXN2L, and Janus kinase 2, JAK2, in cutaneous CD4 positive T-cell lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.03.012","article-title":"Eleven loci with new reproducible genetic associations with allergic disease risk","volume":"143","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Key, J., Harter, P.N., Sen, N.-E., Gradhand, E., Auburger, G., and Gispert, S. (2020). Mid-Gestation lethality of Atxn2l-Ablated Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145124"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.08.025","article-title":"B cell CLL\/lymphoma 6 member B inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastases in vitro and in mice","volume":"355","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2018-0169","article-title":"Identification of a single-nucleotide polymorphism within CDH2 gene associated with bone morbidity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors","volume":"20","author":"Aaron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36752","article-title":"A complex Xp11.22 deletion in a patient with syndromic autism: Exploration ofFAM120Cas a positional candidate gene for autism","volume":"164","author":"Crepel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e328133f352","article-title":"Sequence variation in DOCK9 and heterogeneity in bipolar disorder","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.597","article-title":"DMAP1 is an essential regulator of ATM activity and function","volume":"33","author":"Penicud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Oliveira, B.S.P., Putti, S., Naro, F., and Pellegrini, M. (2020). Bone Marrow Transplantation as Therapy for Ataxia-Telangiectasia: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113207"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11817","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9015346","article-title":"Evidence for the Involvement of Human DNA Polymerase N in the Repair of DNA Interstrand Cross-Links","volume":"48","author":"Zietlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1129","article-title":"HECTD1 promotes base excision repair in nucleosomes through chromatin remodelling","volume":"48","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9393","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917060117","article-title":"Spermatozoa lacking Fertilization Influencing Membrane Protein (FIMP) fail to fuse with oocytes in mice","volume":"117","author":"Fujihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-18-0262","article-title":"FLYWCH1, a Novel Suppressor of Nuclear \u03b2-Catenin, Regulates Migration and Morphology in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Muhammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11231","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S262421","article-title":"HNRNPCL1, PRAMEF1, CFAP74, and DFFB: Common Potential Biomarkers for Sporadic and Suspected Lynch Syndrome Endometrial Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0169-6","article-title":"Histone acetylation and histone acetyltransferases show significant alterations in human abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2018.1547711","article-title":"Islet autoantibody positivity in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Pilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07625-3","article-title":"Development and validation of an RNA binding protein-associated prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy033","article-title":"A novel mechanism causing imbalance of mitochondrial fusion and fission in human myopathies","volume":"27","author":"Bartsakoulia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20170402","article-title":"Mucins: The frontline defence of the lung","volume":"46","author":"Ridley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51220","article-title":"Optic, trigeminal, and facial neuropathy related to anti-neurofascin 155 antibody","volume":"7","author":"Ogata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00548","article-title":"Bisphenol A Activates an Innate Viral Immune Response Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Sowers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2316-19.2020","article-title":"Loss of Piccolo Function in Rats Induces Cerebellar Network Dysfunction and Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 3-like Phenotypes","volume":"40","author":"Falck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Gene (HSN2) Causing Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type II through the Study of Canadian Genetic Isolates","volume":"74","author":"Macdonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expand. Spectr. BAF Relat. Disord. De Novo Var. SMARCC2 Cause Syndr. Intellect. Disabil. Dev. Delay"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.02.057","article-title":"The long noncoding RNA ST7-AS1 promotes laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by stabilizing CARM1","volume":"512","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuschel, K., Helwig, M., H\u00fcttelmaier, S., Heckl, D., Klusmann, J.-H., and Hoell, J.I. (2020). RNA-Binding Proteins in Acute Leukemias. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103409"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00032","article-title":"C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Proteins in Brain Development, Neurodevelopmental, and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Systematic Literature-Based Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Mackeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"18121","article-title":"Zinc finger proteins and regulation of the hallmarks of cancer","volume":"34","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greinacher, A., Selleng, K., and Mayerle, J. (2021). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Anti-Platelet Factor 4 Antibody Responses Induced by COVID-19 Disease and ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. Res. Sq., preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-404769\/v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0377-z","article-title":"Epitopes for a 2019-nCoV vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Lucchese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A., Dong, J.C., Trost, B., Richardson, J.S., Tohme, S., Babiuk, S., Kusalik, A., Kung, S.K.P., and Kobinger, G.P. (2012). Pentamers Not Found in the Universal Proteome Can Enhance Antigen Specific Immune Responses and Adjuvant Vaccines. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043802"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014074107","article-title":"Antibodies mediate intracellular immunity through tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21)","volume":"107","author":"Mallery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenlee, J.E., Clawson, S.A., Hill, K.E., Wood, B., Clardy, S.L., Tsunoda, I., and Carlson, N.G. (2015). Anti-Yo Antibody Uptake and Interaction with Its Intracellular Target Antigen Causes Purkinje Cell Death in Rat Cerebellar Slice Cultures: A Possible Mechanism for Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration in Humans with Gynecological or Breast Cancers. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123446"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-19","article-title":"Humoral immune response to HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) in HTLV-1-infected individuals","volume":"10","author":"Abrams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C., Zhang, C., Walker, P.G., and Dong, Y. (2020). Formulation and Delivery Technologies for mRNA Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2020_217"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.03.008","article-title":"Future considerations for the mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine platform","volume":"48","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.12.006","article-title":"Addressing the Cold Reality of mRNA Vaccine Stability","volume":"110","author":"Crommelin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n627","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n627","article-title":"The EMA covid-19 data leak, and what it tells us about mRNA instability","volume":"372","author":"Tinari","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"S0006-3495(21)00241-1","article-title":"Encapsulation state of messenger RNA inside lipid nanoparticles","volume":"25","author":"Brader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.83.042903","article-title":"Length-dependent translation of messenger RNA by ribosomes","volume":"83","author":"Valleriani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.85.023901","article-title":"Comment on \u201cLength-dependent translation of messenger RNA by ribosomes\u201d","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38463-7","article-title":"Effects of length and mRNA secondary structure on the interaction of bovine mitochondrial ribo-somes with messenger RNA","volume":"265","author":"Liao","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00472","article-title":"Peptide-Based Vaccines: Current Progress and Future Challenges","volume":"120","author":"Malonis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.15789\/2220-7619-ASB-1699","article-title":"A single blind, placebo-controlled randomized study of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the \u201cEpiVacCorona\u201d Vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19, in volunteers aged 18\u201360 years (phase I\u2013II)","volume":"11","author":"Ryzhikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. J. Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Ryzhikov, A.B. (2020). Peptide Immunogens and Vaccine Composition against Coronavirus Infection COVID-19 Using Peptide Immunogens. (No. 2738081), Russian Federration. Patent."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4161\/self.2.1.14762","article-title":"Searching for an effective, safe and universal anti-HIV vaccine: Finding the answer in just one short peptide","volume":"2","author":"Lucchese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Self Nonself"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/8\/1461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:35:31Z","timestamp":1760164531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/8\/1461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v13081461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13081461","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]}}}