{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T08:19:42Z","timestamp":1774167582449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and new and more complex diseases that affect livestock animal health and food security, the control of epidemics has become a top priority worldwide. Vaccination represents the most important and cost-effective measure to control infectious diseases in animal health, but it represents only 23% of the total global animal health market, highlighting the need to develop new vaccines. A recent strategy in animal health vaccination is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer nanovesicles produced by almost all living cells, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. EVs have been evaluated as a prominent source of viral antigens to elicit specific immune responses and to develop new vaccination platforms as viruses and EVs share biogenesis pathways. Preliminary trials with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (LCMV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Marek\u2019s disease virus (MDV) have demonstrated that EVs have a role in the activation of cellular and antibody immune responses. Moreover, in parasitic diseases such as Eimeria (chickens) and Plasmodium yoelii (mice) protection has been achieved. Research into EVs is therefore opening an opportunity for new strategies to overcome old problems affecting food security, animal health, and emerging diseases. Here, we review different conventional approaches for vaccine design and compare them with examples of EV-based vaccines that have already been tested in relation to animal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1627593681000},"page":"1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Exosome-Based Vaccines: Pros and Cons in the World of Animal Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Montaner-Tarbes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovex Therapeutics SL, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8980-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fraile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrotecnio Center, Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5703-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 29040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hernando","family":"Del Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovex Therapeutics SL, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"ICREA at ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health and IGTP, German Trias I Pujol Health Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agricultural Administration (2018). 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