{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:20:03Z","timestamp":1790716803254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["48968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["48968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) are capable of causing a range of diseases from the common cold to pneumonia. We evaluated the epidemiology and seasonality of endemic HCoVs in children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls living in countries with a high HIV burden, namely South Africa and Zambia, between August 2011 to October 2013. Nasopharyngeal\/oropharyngeal swabs were collected from all cases and controls and tested for endemic HCoV species and 12 other respiratory viruses using a multiplex real-time PCR assay. We found that the likelihood of detecting endemic HCoV species was higher among asymptomatic controls than cases (11% vs. 7.2%; 95% CI: 1.2\u20132.0). This was however only observed among children &gt; 6 months and was mainly driven by the Betacoronavirus endemic species (HCoV-OC43 and \u2013HKU1). Endemic HCoV species were detected through the year; however, in Zambia, the endemic Betacoronavirus species tended to peak during the winter months (May\u2013August). There was no association between HIV status and endemic HCoV detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:46:44Z","timestamp":1627854404000},"page":"1513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Epidemiology and Seasonality of Endemic Human Coronaviruses in South African and Zambian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky L.","family":"Baillie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azwifarwi","family":"Mathunjwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Thea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Kwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 50110, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mwananyanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Right to Care-Zambia, Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabir A.","family":"Madhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehr, A.R., and Perlman, S. 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