{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:47:01Z","timestamp":1790470021142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004343","name":"Stavros Niarchos Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Banco de Santander","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to assess the duration of nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA persistence in adults self-confined at home after acute infection; and to identify the associations of SARS-CoV-2 persistence with respiratory virus co-detection and infection transmission. A cross-sectional intra-household study was conducted in metropolitan Barcelona (Spain) during the time period of April to June 2020. Every adult who was the first family member reported as SARS-CoV-2-positive by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as well as their household child contacts had nasopharyngeal swabs tested by a targeted SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and a multiplex viral respiratory panel after a 15 day minimum time lag. Four-hundred and four households (404 adults and 708 children) were enrolled. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 137 (33.9%) adults and 84 (11.9%) children. Rhinovirus\/Enterovirus (RV\/EV) was commonly found (83.3%) in co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in adults. The mean duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence in adults\u2019 nasopharynx was 52 days (range 26\u201383 days). The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 was significantly associated with RV\/EV co-infection (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 9.31; 95% CI 2.57\u201333.80) and SARS-CoV-2 detection in child contacts (aOR 2.08; 95% CI 1.24\u20133.51). Prolonged nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA persistence beyond the acute infection phase was frequent in adults quarantined at home during the first epidemic wave; which was associated with RV\/EV co-infection and could enhance intra-household infection transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T22:14:36Z","timestamp":1628806476000},"page":"1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Positive Rhinovirus\/Enterovirus Detection and SARS-CoV-2 Persistence beyond the Acute Infection Phase: An Intra-Household Surveillance Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Brotons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iolanda","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0875-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quique","family":"Bassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Manhi\u00e7a (CISM), Manhi\u00e7a 1929, Mozambique"},{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree","family":"Henares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariona","family":"Fernandez de Sevilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ajanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Redin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Fumado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Baro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Claverol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Fundaci\u00f3 Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4282-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosauro","family":"Varo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8780-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Cuadras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Fundaci\u00f3 Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Genomics Unit, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Barrabeig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, Department of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jose","family":"Garcia-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0913-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Launes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Almagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 26). 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