{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:46:31Z","timestamp":1782841591772,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian State Assignment for fundamental research","award":["0784-2020-0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0784-2020-0023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type III interferons (lambda IFNs) are a quite new, small family of three closely related cytokines with interferon-like activity. Attention to IFN-\u03bb is mainly focused on direct antiviral activity in which, as with IFN-\u03b1, viral genome replication is inhibited without the participation of immune system cells. The heterodimeric receptor for lambda interferons is exposed mainly on epithelial cells, which limits its possible action on other cells, thus reducing the likelihood of developing undesirable side effects compared to type I IFN. In this study, we examined the antiviral potential of exogenous human IFN-\u03bb1 in cellular models of viral infection. To study the protective effects of IFN-\u03bb1, three administration schemes were used: \u2018preventive\u2019 (pretreatment); \u2018preventive\/therapeutic\u2019 (pre\/post); and \u2018therapeutic\u2019 (post). Three IFN-\u03bb1 concentrations (from 10 to 500 ng\/mL) were used. We have shown that human IFN-\u03bb1 restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells with all three treatment schemes. In addition, we have shown a decrease in the viral loads of CHIKV and IVA with the \u2018preventive\u2019 and \u2018preventive\/therapeutic\u2019 regimes. No significant antiviral effect of IFN-\u03bb1 against AdV was detected. Our study highlights the potential for using IFN-\u03bb as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent against respiratory RNA viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T22:14:36Z","timestamp":1628806476000},"page":"1602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["IFN-\u03bb1 Displays Various Levels of Antiviral Activity In Vitro in a Select Panel of RNA Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Plotnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Lozhkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Romanovskaya-Romanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Baranovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariia","family":"Sergeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8446-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"K\u0430\u0430","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0289-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Klotchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Vasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Scientific and Educational Center for Biophysical Research in The Field of Pharmaceuticals, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.02.003","article-title":"Influenza virus activation of the interferon system","volume":"209","author":"Killip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02897-14","article-title":"Impact and Regulation of Lambda Interferon Response in Human Metapneumovirus Infection","volume":"89","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors and the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2008.87","article-title":"Human interferon-\u03bb3 is a potent member of the type III interferon family","volume":"10","author":"Dellgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.51","article-title":"The impact of the interferon-lambda family on the innate and adaptive immune response to viral infections","volume":"3","author":"Egli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.09.068","article-title":"Crystal structure of human interferon-\u03bb1 in complex with its high-affinity receptor interferon-\u03bbR1","volume":"404","author":"Miknis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1159\/000360084","article-title":"Interferon-\u03bb in the context of viral infections: Production, response and therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"Hermant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommereyns, C., Paul, S., Staeheli, P., and Michiels, T. (2008). IFN-lambda (IFN-\u03bb) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000017"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.244","article-title":"Evidence for a pathophysiological role of keratinocyte-derived type III interferon (IFN\u03bb) in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"131","author":"Zahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102038","article-title":"Type III IFNs Are Produced by and Stimulate Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells","volume":"189","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.034","article-title":"Human type 2 myeloid dendritic cells produce interferon-\u03bb and amplify interferon-\u03b1 in response to hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0812395","article-title":"Interferon-lambda (IFN-) induces signal transduction and gene expression in human hepatocytes, but not in lymphocytes or monocytes","volume":"93","author":"Dickensheets","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Chen, S., Guan, Y., and Chen, L. (2015). Type III Interferon Induces Distinct SOCS1 Expression Pattern that Contributes to Delayed but Prolonged Activation of Jak\/STAT Signaling Pathway: Implications for Treatment Non-Response in HCV Patients. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133800"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.09.052","article-title":"Interferons \u03b1 and \u03bb Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Replication with Distinct Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation Kinetics","volume":"131","author":"Marcello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.001","article-title":"Interferon-\u03bb: Immune Functions at Barrier Surfaces and Beyond","volume":"43","author":"Lazear","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606413","article-title":"IFN \u03bb is a potent anti-influenza therapeutic without the inflammatory side effects of IFN \u03b1 treatment","volume":"8","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4864","article-title":"Pathogenic potential of interferon \u03b1\u03b2 in acute influenza infection","volume":"5","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.025","article-title":"Interferon-\u03bb Mediates Non-redundant Front-Line Antiviral Protection against Influenza Virus Infection without Compromising Host Fitness","volume":"46","author":"Galani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0636-y","article-title":"New fronts emerge in the influenza cytokine storm","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160484","article-title":"Contribution of innate immune cells to pathogenesis of severe influenza virus infection","volume":"131","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crotta, S., Davidson, S., Mahlakoiv, T., Desmet, C.J., Buckwalter, M.R., Albert, M.L., Staeheli, P., and Wack, A. (2013). Type I and Type III Interferons Drive Redundant Amplification Loops to Induce a Transcriptional Signature in Influenza-Infected Airway Epithelia. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003773"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2020.0187","article-title":"Linkage of Lambda Interferons in Protection Against Severe COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30566-X","article-title":"Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of outpatients with COVID-19: A phase 2, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"9","author":"Feld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00230-5","article-title":"On the Calculation of TCID 50 for Quantitation of Virus Infectivity","volume":"36","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaldzhyan, A., Yolshin, N., Zabrodskaya, Y., Kudling, T., Lozhkov, A., Plotnikova, M., and Vasin, A. (2020). Clean and folded: Optimized production of high quality recombinant human interferon-\u03bb1. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.09.417527"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, H.E., Oh, J.E., and Lee, H.K. (2019). Cell-penetrating Mx1 enhances anti-viral resistance against mucosal influenza viral infection. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020109"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00119","article-title":"Interferon Lambda: Modulating immunity in infectious diseases","volume":"8","author":"Syedbasha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83391-0","article-title":"Interferons and viruses: An interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures","volume":"89","author":"Randall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu144","article-title":"Immunomodulatory function of interleukin 28B during primary infection with cytomegalovirus","volume":"210","author":"Egli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6203","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.13.6203-6206.2000","article-title":"Influenza virus NS1 protein counteracts PKR-mediated inhibition of replication","volume":"74","author":"Bergmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.4864","article-title":"Regulation of a nuclear export signal by an adjacent inhibitory sequence: The effector domain of the influenza virus NS1 protein","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2017_02_07","article-title":"Comparison of transcriptional profiles of interferons, CXCL10 and RIG-1 in influenza infected A549 cells stimulated with exogenous interferons","volume":"61","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2015_04_413","article-title":"Protective efficacy of IFN-\u03c9 AND IFN-\u03bbs against influenza viruses in induced A549 cells","volume":"59","author":"Skorvanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordstein, M., Kochs, G., Dumoutier, L., Renauld, J.C., Paludan, S.R., Klucher, K., and Staeheli, P. (2008). Interferon-\u03bb contributes to innate immunity of mice against influenza A virus but not against hepatotropic viruses. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000151"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00272-10","article-title":"Lambda Interferon Renders Epithelial Cells of the Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tracts Resistant to Viral Infections","volume":"84","author":"Mordstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9790","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00530-07","article-title":"Differential Type I Interferon Induction by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Virus In Vivo","volume":"81","author":"Jewell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01073-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01073-19","article-title":"Disruption of Type III Interferon (IFN) Genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3 Recapitulates Loss of the Type III IFN Receptor in the Mucosal Antiviral Response","volume":"93","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0503-6","article-title":"IFN-\u03bb: A new spotlight in innate immunity against influenza virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12309","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02119-15","article-title":"Induction and Antagonism of Antiviral Responses in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Pediatric Airway Epithelium","volume":"89","author":"Villenave","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20556","article-title":"Cytokine regulation in SARS coronavirus infection compared to other respiratory virus infections","volume":"78","author":"Okabayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0083","article-title":"Antiviral Effect of Interferon Lambda Against Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus","volume":"35","author":"Lukacikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diegelmann, J., Beigel, F., Zitzmann, K., Kaul, A., G\u00f6ke, B., Auernhammer, C.J., Bartenschlager, R., Diepolder, H.M., and Brand, S. (2010). Comparative analysis of the lambda-interferons IL-28A and IL-29 regarding their transcriptome and their antiviral properties against hepatitis C virus. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015200"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.08.020","article-title":"Interferon-lambda serum levels in hepatitis C","volume":"54","author":"Langhans","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08309","article-title":"Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance","volume":"461","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24530","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24530","article-title":"Dengue virus infection induces interferon-lambda1 to facilitate cell migration","volume":"6","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0383-4","article-title":"Interferon lambda inhibits dengue virus replication in epithelial cells","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462","article-title":"Role of deficient type III interferon-\u03bb production in asthma exacerbations","volume":"12","author":"Contoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201100142","article-title":"IL-28A (IFN-\u03bb2) modulates lung DC function to promote Th1 immune skewing and suppress allergic airway disease","volume":"3","author":"Koltsida","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01928-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01928-20","article-title":"Antiviral activity of type I, II, and III interferons counterbalances ACE2 inducibility and restricts SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"Busnadiego","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsu029","article-title":"The genome landscape of the african green monkey kidney-derived vero cell line","volume":"21","author":"Osada","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.01.001","article-title":"Type I interferons in viral control and immune regulation","volume":"16","author":"Teijaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, S.J., Koegl, M., Boutell, C., Zenner, H.L., Crump, C.M., Pica, F., Gonzalez, O., Friedel, C.C., Barry, G., and Martin, K. (2013). A Systematic Analysis of Host Factors Reveals a Med23-Interferon-\u03bb Regulatory Axis against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003514"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav058","article-title":"Induction of interferon-\u03bb contributes to TLR3 and RIG-I activation-mediated inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 2 replication in human cervical epithelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21312","article-title":"Interleukin-29 uses a type 1 interferon-like program to promote antiviral responses in human hepatocytes","volume":"44","author":"Doyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chahal, J.S., Qi, J., and Flint, S.J. (2012). The human adenovirus type 5 E1B 55 kDa protein obstructs inhibition of viral replication by type I interferon in normal human cells. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002853"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.11.5657-5662.1991","article-title":"Adenovirus virus-associated RNA and translation control","volume":"65","author":"Mathews","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/8\/1602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:02Z","timestamp":1760165102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/8\/1602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v13081602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13081602","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}}}