{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T22:24:31Z","timestamp":1774391071567,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-04-60084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-04-60084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the electrostatic properties of the spike proteins (S-proteins) of three coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, and their interactions with photosensitizers (PSs), octacationic octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine (Zn-PcChol8+) and monocationic methylene blue (MB). We found a major common PS binding site at the connection of the S-protein stalk and head. The molecules of Zn-PcChol8+ and MB also form electrostatic encounter complexes with large area of negative electrostatic potential at the head of the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2, between fusion protein and heptad repeat 1 domain. The top of the SARS-CoV spike head demonstrates a notable area of electrostatic contacts with Zn-PcChol8+ and MB that corresponds to the N-terminal domain. The S-protein protomers of SARS-CoV-2 in \u201copen\u201d and \u201cclosed\u201d conformations demonstrate different ability to attract PS molecules. In contrast with Zn-PcChol8+, MB possesses the ability to penetrate inside the pocket formed as a result of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain transition into the \u201copen\u201d state. The existence of binding site for cationic PSs common to the S-proteins of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV creates prospects for the wide use of this type of PSs to combat the spread of coronaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1629067887000},"page":"1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["What Binds Cationic Photosensitizers Better: Brownian Dynamics Reveals Key Interaction Sites on Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9397-1548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Kholina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergei","family":"Khruschev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Kovalenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Persolanized Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Astrakhan State University, 414056 Astrakhan, Russia"},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117342 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"S.M. Nikolskii Mathematical Institute, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Strakhovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.203","article-title":"The Human Pandemic Coronaviruses on the Show: The Spike Glycoprotein as the Main Actor in the Coronaviruses Play","volume":"179","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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