{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:09:04Z","timestamp":1779206944637,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"QIMRBerghofer Medical Research Institute","award":["000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of understanding the immune response to seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) infections such as HCoV-NL63, how existing neutralising antibodies to HCoV may modulate responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the utility of seasonal HCoV as human challenge models. Therefore, in this study we quantified HCoV-NL63 neutralising antibody titres in a healthy adult population using plasma from 100 blood donors in Australia. A microneutralisation assay was performed with plasma diluted from 1:10 to 1:160 and tested with the HCoV-NL63 Amsterdam-1 strain. Neutralising antibodies were detected in 71% of the plasma samples, with a median geometric mean titre of 14. This titre was similar to those reported in convalescent sera taken from individuals 3\u20137 months following asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 2\u20133 years post-infection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-1 patients. HCoV-NL63 neutralising antibody titres decreased with increasing age (R2 = 0.042, p = 0.038), but did not differ by sex. Overall, this study demonstrates that neutralising antibody to HCoV-NL63 is detectable in approximately 71% of the healthy adult population of Australia. Similar titres did not impede the use of another seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) in a human challenge model, thus, HCoV-NL63 may be useful as a human challenge model for more pathogenic coronaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:28:04Z","timestamp":1629149284000},"page":"1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of Neutralising Antibodies to HCoV-NL63 in Healthy Adults in Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean A.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Mahanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget E.","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eileen V.","family":"Roulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"van der Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten M.","family":"Spann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, QLD 4007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409465102","article-title":"Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry","volume":"102","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. 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