{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:05:35Z","timestamp":1789628735706,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-14-00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-14-00006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mass vaccination has played a critical role in the global eradication of smallpox. Various vaccinia virus (VACV) strains, whose origin has not been clearly documented in most cases, have been used as live vaccines in different countries. These VACV strains differed in pathogenicity towards various laboratory animals and in reactogenicity exhibited upon vaccination of humans. In this work, we studied the development of humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB\/c mice inoculated intranasally (i.n.) or intradermally (i.d.) with the VACV LIVP strain at a dose of 105 PFU\/mouse, which was used in Russia as the first generation smallpox vaccine. Active synthesis of VACV-specific IgM in the mice occurred on day 7 after inoculation, reached a maximum on day 14, and decreased by day 29. Synthesis of virus-specific IgG was detected only from day 14, and the level increased significantly by day 29 after infection of the mice. Immunization (i.n.) resulted in significantly higher production of VACV-specific antibodies compared to that upon i.d. inoculation of LIVP. There were no significant differences in the levels of the T cell response in mice after i.n. or i.d. VACV administration at any time point. The maximum level of VACV-specific T-cells was detected on day 14. By day 29 of the experiment, the level of VACV-specific T-lymphocytes in the spleen of mice significantly decreased for both immunization procedures. On day 30 after immunization with LIVP, mice were infected with the cowpox virus at a dose of 46 LD50. The i.n. immunized mice were resistant to this infection, while 33% of i.d. immunized mice died. Our findings indicate that the level of the humoral immune response to vaccination may play a decisive role in protection of animals from orthopoxvirus reinfection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T21:17:06Z","timestamp":1629235026000},"page":"1631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Adaptive Immune Response to Vaccinia Virus LIVP Infection of BALB\/c Mice and Protection against Lethal Reinfection with Cowpox Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6255-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei N.","family":"Shchelkunov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Sergeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Yakubitskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenia A.","family":"Titova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-6614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stepan A.","family":"Pyankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2317-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Kolosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina V.","family":"Starostina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya B.","family":"Borgoyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey M.","family":"Zadorozhny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis N.","family":"Kisakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina S.","family":"Shulgina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4365-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa I.","family":"Karpenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fenner, F., Henderson, D.A., Arita, I., Jezek, Z., and Ladnyi, I.D. 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