{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T21:18:30Z","timestamp":1778707110676,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Technical Contract No. 15274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Technical Contract No. 15274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diagnostic performance of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) based on a recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was validated for the detection of the IgG antibody in sheep (n = 3367), goat (n = 2632), and cattle (n = 3819) sera. Validation data sets were dichotomized according to the results of a virus neutralization test in sera obtained from RVF-endemic (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Senegal, Uganda, and Yemen) and RVF-free countries (France, Poland, and the USA). Cut-off values were defined using the two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis. Estimates of the diagnostic specificity of the RVFV rNP I-ELISA in animals from RVF-endemic countries ranged from 98.6% (cattle) to 99.5% (sheep) while in those originating from RVF-free countries, they ranged from 97.7% (sheep) to 98.1% (goats). Estimates of the diagnostic sensitivity in ruminants from RVF-endemic countries ranged from 90.7% (cattle) to 100% (goats). The results of this large-scale international validation study demonstrate the high diagnostic accuracy of the RVFV rNP I-ELISA. Standard incubation and inactivation procedures evaluated did not have an adverse effect on the detectable levels of the anti-RVFV IgG in ruminant sera and thus, together with recombinant antigen-based I-ELISA, provide a simple, safe, and robust diagnostic platform that can be automated and carried out outside expensive bio-containment facilities. These advantages are particularly important for less-resourced countries where there is a need to accelerate and improve RVF surveillance and research on epidemiology as well as to advance disease control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"1651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Large-Scale International Validation of an Indirect ELISA Based on Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus for the Detection of IgG Antibody in Domestic Ruminants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz T.","family":"Paw\u0119ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petrus","family":"Jansen van Vuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Msimang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Modu Moustapha","family":"L\u00f4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de l\u2019Elevage et de Recherches V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires, Route de Front de Terre, Dakar Hann 2057, BP, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaya","family":"Thiongane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de l\u2019Elevage et de Recherches V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires, Route de Front de Terre, Dakar Hann 2057, BP, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopold K.","family":"Mulumba-Mfumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kinshasa 7948, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 127, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alqadasi","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Laboratory, General Directorate of Animal Health & Veterinary Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Sana\u2019a 31220, Yemen"},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization Office, Sana\u2019a 31220, Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Fafetine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo 1103, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Magona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo P.O. Box 96, Uganda"},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization, Gaborone P.O. Box 54, Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiver","family":"Boussini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction Generale Des Services Veterinaires, Minist\u00e8re des Ressources Animales, Ouagadougou 09 BP 907, Burkina Faso"},{"name":"African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, Nairobi P.O. Box 30786-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6694-2872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Ba\u017canow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7877-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Pepin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Fran\u00e7aise de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire des Aliments, F-69364 Lyon, France"},{"name":"VetAgro Sup, Campus V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.7.883","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"234","author":"Bird","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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