{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:09:58Z","timestamp":1769515798385,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K07601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K07601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21fk0108084h1203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108084h1203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) can result in many deaths, due to central nervous system complications. Outbreaks with many fatalities have occurred sporadically in the Asia-Pacific region and have become a serious public health concern. It is hypothesized that virulent mutations in the EV-A71 genome cause these occasional outbreaks. Analysis of EV-A71 neurovirulence determinants is important, but there are no virulence determinants that are widely accepted among researchers. This is because most studies have been done in artificially infected mouse models and because EV-A71 mutates very quickly to adapt to the artificial host environment. Although EV-A71 uses multiple receptors for infection, it is clear that adaptation-related mutations alter the binding specificity of the receptors and allow the virus to adopt the best entry route for each environment. Such mutations have confused interpretations of virulence in animal models. This article will discuss how environment-adapted mutations in EV-A71 occur, how they affect virulence, and how such mutations can be avoided. We also discuss future perspectives for EV-A71 virulence research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T23:00:09Z","timestamp":1629673209000},"page":"1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Adaptation and Virulence of Enterovirus-A71"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kyousuke","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0100-2","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in peninsular Malaysia, 1997\u20132000","volume":"148","author":"Herrero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. 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