{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:59Z","timestamp":1772253059846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["016.Veni.178.027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016.Veni.178.027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 and TMPRSS2 to gain entry into the cell. However, recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 may use additional host factors that are required for the viral lifecycle. Here we used publicly available datasets, CoV-associated genes, and machine learning algorithms to explore the SARS-CoV-2 interaction landscape in different tissues. We found that in general a small fraction of cells express ACE2 in the different tissues, including nasal, bronchi, and lungs. We show that a small fraction of immune cells (including T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells) found in tissues also express ACE2. We show that healthy circulating immune cells do not express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. However, a small fraction of circulating immune cells (including dendritic cells, monocytes, T cells) in the PBMC of COVID-19 patients express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Additionally, we found that a large spectrum of cells (in tissues and circulation) in both healthy and COVID-19-positive patients were significantly enriched for SARS-CoV-2 factors, such as those associated with RHOA and RAB GTPases, mRNA translation proteins, COPI- and COPII-mediated transport, and integrins. Thus, we propose that further research is needed to explore if SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect tissue and circulating immune cells to better understand the virus\u2019 mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T23:55:22Z","timestamp":1630972522000},"page":"1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enrichment of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors and Interacting Intracellular Genes in Tissue and Circulating Immune Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abhinandan","family":"Devaprasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aridaman","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30920-X","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: Observations and hypotheses","volume":"395","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30484-9","article-title":"Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics","volume":"20","author":"Petersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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