{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:09:41Z","timestamp":1792670981404,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A final diagnosis in a horse with clinical signs of encephalopathy can be challenging despite the use of extensive diagnostics. Clinical signs are often not pathognomonic and need to be interpreted in combination with (specific) laboratory results and epidemiological data of the geographical region of the origin of the case(s). Here we describe the diagnostic pathway of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in two horses using established molecular diagnostic methods and a novel in situ hybridization technique to differentiate between regionally important\/emerging diseases for central Europe: (i) hepatoencephalopathy, (ii) Borna disease virus, and (iii) West Nile virus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T23:55:22Z","timestamp":1630972522000},"page":"1775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) Infection in Two Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa Maria","family":"Conze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Medicine and Reproduction, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstra\u00dfe 13, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5897-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Bag\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Disease Control M\u00f6dling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH (AGES), IVET, 2340 M\u00f6dling, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Revilla-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Disease Control M\u00f6dling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH (AGES), IVET, 2340 M\u00f6dling, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-2717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Trogerstra\u00dfe 18, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz S.","family":"Goehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Medicine and Reproduction, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstra\u00dfe 13, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaspar","family":"Matiasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Veterin\u00e4rstra\u00dfe 13, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, B., Schade, B., Bauer, B., Hoffmann, B., Hoffmann, D., Ziegler, U., Beer, M., Klaus, C., Weissenb\u00f6ck, H., and B\u00f6ttcher, J. 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