{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:09:21Z","timestamp":1783022961678,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project ID 39087428; SFB 900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID 39087428; SFB 900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the causative agent of several malignancies, including Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease (MCD). Active KSHV replication has also been associated with a pathological condition called KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS), and KSHV may play a role in rare cases of post-transplant polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorders. Several commonly used herpesviral DNA polymerase inhibitors are active against KSHV in tissue culture. Unfortunately, they are not always efficacious against KSHV-induced diseases. To improve the outcome for the patients, new therapeutics need to be developed, including treatment strategies that target either viral proteins or cellular pathways involved in tumor growth and\/or supporting the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the most commonly established treatments against KSHV-related diseases and review recent developments and promising new compounds that are currently under investigation or on the way to clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T21:36:58Z","timestamp":1631223418000},"page":"1797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Recent Advances in Developing Treatments of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Herpesvirus-Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Naimo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Zischke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8792-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence 2155 RESIST, Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7997879","article-title":"Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"266","author":"Chang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.4.1276.bloodjournal8641276","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease","volume":"86","author":"Soulier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505043321802","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma\u2013Associated Herpesvirus-Like DNA Sequences in AIDS-Related Body-Cavity\u2013Based Lymphomas","volume":"332","author":"Cesarman","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70096-8","article-title":"A review of human carcinogens\u2014Part B: Biological agents","volume":"10","author":"Bouvard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., and Whitley, R. (2007). Introduction to the human \u03b3-herpesviruses. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge Ubiversity Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1086\/654798","article-title":"An Interleukin-6\u2013Related Systemic Inflammatory Syndrome in Patients Co-Infected with Kaposi Sarcoma\u2013Associated Herpesvirus and HIV but without Multicentric Castleman Disease","volume":"51","author":"Uldrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199911000-00010","article-title":"Posttransplantation Plasmacytic Proliferations Related to Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma\u2013Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"23","author":"Matsushima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02740.x","article-title":"Post renal transplantation human herpesvirus 8-associated lymphoproliferative disorder and Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"113","author":"Kapelushnik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.4.1406.004k26_1406_1412","article-title":"HHV-8 is associated with a plasmablastic variant of Castleman disease that is linked to HHV-8\u2013positive plasmablastic lymphoma","volume":"95","author":"Dupin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/01913120802343871","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Kaposi Sarcoma","volume":"32","author":"Orenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004063421407","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"342","author":"Antman","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01830024","article-title":"Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut","volume":"4","author":"Kaposi","year":"1872","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Syph."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02729-X","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 8 transmission from mother to child and between siblings in an endemic population","volume":"356","author":"Plancoulaine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1086\/423326","article-title":"Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Herpesvirus-8 in South Africa","volume":"190","author":"Dedicoat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2008.05.004","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma in transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Legendre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.506-508.2001","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Associated with Previous Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"39","author":"Cattani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61050-2","article-title":"Incidence of cancers in people with HIV\/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: A meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Grulich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02816.x","article-title":"The impact of Preexisting or Acquired Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus infection in Kidney Trasplant Recipiens on Morbidity and Survival","volume":"9","author":"Marcelin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28661","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of cancer in Kampala, Uganda 1991\u20132010","volume":"135","author":"Wabinga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(81)80010-2","article-title":"Disseminated Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men","volume":"5","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02818.x","article-title":"The influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy on AIDS-associated Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"140","author":"Dupin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00161-6","article-title":"Regression of AIDS-related Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma following antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors: Biological correlates of clinical outcome","volume":"35","author":"Cattelan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328331d384","article-title":"Continuing declines in some but not all HIV-associated cancers in Australia after widespread use of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"23","author":"Vajdic","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103300-00013","article-title":"Decreasing rates of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in the era of potent combination anti-retroviral therapy","volume":"15","author":"Grulich","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V73.3.792.bloodjournal733792","article-title":"Molecular Genetic Analysis of Three AIDS-Associated Neoplasms of Uncertain Lineage Demonstrates Their B-Cell Derivation and the Possible Pathogenetic Role of the Epstein-Barr Virus","volume":"73","author":"Knowles","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31825b38ec","article-title":"Extracavitary KSHV-associated large B-Cell lymphoma: A distinct entity or a subtype of primary effusion lymphoma? Study of 9 cases and review of an additional 43 cases","volume":"36","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"707","article-title":"Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)-Associated Primary Effusion Lymphoma in two Renal Transplant Recipients Receiving Rapamycin","volume":"8","author":"Boulanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.2.645.bloodjournal882645","article-title":"Primary effusion lymphoma: A distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpes virus","volume":"88","author":"Nador","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-07-515882","article-title":"HHV-8\u2013positive but EBV-negative primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"122","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case No. 40231","volume":"250","author":"Castleman","year":"1954","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.7.2130","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects monotypic (IgM lambda) but polyclonal naive B cells in Castleman disease and associated lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"97","author":"Du","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.8.2526","article-title":"Serum viral interleukin-6 in AIDS-related multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"97","author":"Aoki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.7.2331","article-title":"High incidence of Kaposi sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus\u2013related non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients with HIV infection and multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"99","author":"Oksenhendler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00073","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus Lytic Activation: Multicentric Castleman Disease (KSHV\u2013MCD) and the KSHV Inflammatory Cytokine Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Polizzotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119380","article-title":"Sensitivity of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to antiviral drugs. Implications for potential therapy","volume":"99","author":"Kedes","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199711000-00006","article-title":"In vitro antiviral drug sensitivity of the Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"11","author":"Medveczky","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.12.2754","article-title":"Antiviral drug susceptibility of human herpesvirus 8","volume":"41","author":"Neyts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.8.3897-3900.2003","article-title":"Evaluation of Susceptibility of Human Herpesvirus 8 to Antiviral Drugs by Quantitative Real-Time PCR","volume":"41","author":"Sergerie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03338-12","article-title":"Activity and Mechanism of Action of HDVD, a Novel Pyrimidine Nucleoside Derivative with High Levels of Selectivity and Potency against Gammaherpesviruses","volume":"87","author":"Coen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03957-14","article-title":"Spectrum of Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance of Various Nucleoside Derivatives against Gammaherpesviruses","volume":"58","author":"Coen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403646","article-title":"Treatment of herpesvirus associated primary effusion lymphoma with intracavity cidofovir","volume":"19","author":"Luppi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1086\/588820","article-title":"Valganciclovir for suppression of human herpesvirus-8 replication: A randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover trial","volume":"198","author":"Casper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22194","article-title":"Treatment with valacyclovir, famciclovir, or antiretrovirals reduces human herpesvirus-8 replication in HIV-1 seropositive men","volume":"83","author":"Cattamanchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200110190-00026","article-title":"Efficacy of cidofovir on human herpesvirus 8 viraemia and Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma progression in two patients with AIDS","volume":"15","author":"Mazzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199807)55:3<215::AID-JMV6>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Treatment of Classical Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma With Intralesional Injections of Cidofovir: Report of a Case. 1998","volume":"55","author":"Simonart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1086\/346159","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Cidofovir in Patients with Kaposi Sarcoma","volume":"187","author":"Little","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq177","article-title":"Pilot Study of Oral Valganciclovir Therapy in Patients With Classic Kaposi Sarcoma","volume":"203","author":"Krown","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13419","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13419","article-title":"Successful treatment and durable remission of human herpesvirus-8-induced Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease under valganciclovir in an HIV -negative patient","volume":"33","author":"Plachouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.4965-4973.2005","article-title":"Potent Antiviral Activity of North-Methanocarbathymidine against Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"49","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114731","article-title":"KSHV Targeted Therapy: An Update on Inhibitors of Viral Lytic Replication","volume":"6","author":"Coen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00429-13","article-title":"Synthesis and Antiviral Activities of Methylenecyclopropane Analogs with 6-Alkoxy and 6-Alkylthio Substitutions That Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity against Human Herpesviruses","volume":"57","author":"Prichard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01791-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01791-19","article-title":"Targeting Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF21 Tyrosine Kinase and Viral Lytic Reactivation by Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Approved for Clinical Use","volume":"94","author":"Beauclair","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.2.684-692.2000","article-title":"Human Herpesvirus 8 Open Reading Frame 21 Is a Thymidine and Thymidylate Kinase of Narrow Substrate Specificity That Efficiently Phosphorylates Zidovudine but Not Ganciclovir","volume":"74","author":"Gustafson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Novel association of haemophagocytic syndrome with Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"111","author":"Pastore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0226","article-title":"HHV-8\u2013Associated Multicentric Castleman\u2019s Disease in HIV-Negative Patient: A Novel Therapy for an Orphan Disease","volume":"17","author":"Sbenghe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncologist."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12174","article-title":"Is valganciclovir really effective in primary effusion lymphoma: Case report of an HIV(\u2212) EBV(\u2212) HHV8(+) patient","volume":"91","author":"Ozbalak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.01.002","article-title":"A HHV-8 positive, HIV negative multicentric Castleman disease treated with R-CEOP chemotherapy and valganciclovir combination","volume":"22","author":"Kantarci","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12472","article-title":"Durable remission of both multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease and Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma with valganciclovir, rituximab and liposomal doxorubicin in an HHV-8-positive, HIV-negative patient","volume":"42","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-317610","article-title":"High-dose zidovudine plus valganciclovir for Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-associated multicentric Castleman disease: A pilot study of virus-activated cytotoxic therapy","volume":"117","author":"Uldrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.05.012","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus pathogenesis (KSHV)\u2014an update","volume":"3","author":"Dittmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6641","article-title":"Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma","volume":"93","author":"Zhong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5414.641","article-title":"Efficient Persistence of Extrachromosomal KSHV DNA Mediated by Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen","volume":"284","author":"Ballestas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8309","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.10.8309-8315.1998","article-title":"A Cluster of Latently Expressed Genes in Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"72","author":"Dittmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7819","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7453-7465.2005","article-title":"Induction of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen by the Lytic Transactivator RTA: A Novel Mechanism for Establishment of Latency","volume":"79","author":"Lan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.12.6585-6594.2004","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Inhibits Lytic Replication by Targeting Rta: A Potential Mechanism for Virus-Mediated Control of Latency","volume":"78","author":"Lan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408192102","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus expresses an array of viral microRNAs in latently infected cells","volume":"102","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00006","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus Entry into Target Cells","volume":"3","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.8.4546","article-title":"Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected cells in Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma, multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease, and primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"96","author":"Dupin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-08-3052","article-title":"Inhibiting primary effusion lymphoma by lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin RNA","volume":"105","author":"Godfrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523334","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid alters Kaposi sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus latency, triggering p53-mediated apoptosis in transformed B lymphocytes","volume":"115","author":"Curreli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Sin, S.-H., Wen, K.W., Damania, B., and Dittmer, D.P. (2012). Hsp90 Inhibitors Are Efficacious against Kaposi Sarcoma by Enhancing the Degradation of the Essential Viral Gene LANA, of the Viral Co-Receptor EphA2 as well as Other Client Proteins. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003048"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02183-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02183-18","article-title":"Reduction of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency Using CRISPR-Cas9 To Edit the Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Gene","volume":"93","author":"Tso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01527-x","article-title":"Targeting the Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome with the CRISPR-Cas9 platform in latently infected cells","volume":"18","author":"Haddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.7.3250-3258.2001","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen 1 Mediates Episome Persistence through cis -Acting Terminal Repeat (TR) Sequence and Specifically Binds TR DNA","volume":"75","author":"Ballestas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.294-301.2004","article-title":"The Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen 1 N Terminus Is Essential for Chromosome Association, DNA Replication, and Episome Persistence","volume":"78","author":"Barbera","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6694","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421804112","article-title":"The 3D structure of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus LANA C-terminal domain bound to DNA","volume":"112","author":"Hellert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01083-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01083-16","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen: Replicating and Shielding Viral DNA during Viral Persistence","volume":"91","author":"Schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domsic, J.F., Chen, H.-S., Lu, F., Marmorstein, R., and Lieberman, P.M. (2013). Molecular Basis for Oligomeric-DNA Binding and Episome Maintenance by KSHV LANA. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003672"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01827","article-title":"Fragment-Based Discovery of a Qualified Hit Targeting the Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen of the Oncogenic Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus\/Human Herpesvirus 8","volume":"62","author":"Kirsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112525","article-title":"Hit-to-lead optimization of a latency-associated nuclear antigen inhibitor against Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infections","volume":"202","author":"Kirsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.9b00845","article-title":"Discovery of Novel Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents Against Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"15","author":"Kirsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27815","article-title":"Identification of Mubritinib (TAK 165) as an inhibitor of KSHV driven primary effusion lymphoma via disruption of mitochondrial OXPHOS metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Calderon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, S.A., Schattner, E.J., and Cesarman, E. (2021, August 30). Inhibition of NF-B Induces Apoptosis of KSHV-Infected Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells. Available online: https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/96\/7\/2537\/1668374\/h8190002537.pdf.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.7.2537"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408577102","article-title":"Constitutive NF- B activation, normal Fas-induced apoptosis, and increased incidence of lymphoma in human herpes virus 8 K13 transgenic mice","volume":"102","author":"Chugh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031467","article-title":"KSHV vFLIP Is Essential for the Survival of Infected Lymphoma Cells","volume":"199","author":"Guasparri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2730","article-title":"NF-\u03baB is essential for the progression of KSHV- and EBV-infected lymphomas in vivo","volume":"107","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44417","article-title":"Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV) VFLIP Oncoprotein Induces B Cell Transdifferentiation and Tumorigenesis in Mice","volume":"121","author":"Baloon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15576-3","article-title":"Modulation of virus-induced NF-\u03baB signaling by NEMO coiled coil mimics","volume":"11","author":"Sadek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00691","article-title":"KSHV vFLIP binds to IKK-\u03b3 to activate IKK","volume":"116","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.04.029","article-title":"Crystal Structure of a VFlip-IKK\u03b3 Complex: Insights into Viral Activation of the IKK Signalosome","volume":"30","author":"Ageichik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01170-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01170-17","article-title":"IKK\u03b3-Mimetic Peptides Block the Resistance to Apoptosis Associated with Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection","volume":"91","author":"Briggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.7.5556-5567.1999","article-title":"Identification of the Immediate-Early Transcripts of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"73","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/v7010116","article-title":"Molecular Biology of KSHV Lytic Reactivation","volume":"7","author":"Purushothaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10866","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.18.10866","article-title":"A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"95","author":"Sun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2048","article-title":"Gallic acid inhibits Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic reactivation by suppressing RTA transcriptional activities","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.09.005","article-title":"Chemical library screen for novel inhibitors of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus processive DNA synthesis","volume":"69","author":"Dorjsuren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01318-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01318-14","article-title":"HIV Integrase Inhibitors Block Replication of Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaherpesviruses","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00233-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00233-18","article-title":"Sensitivity of the C-Terminal Nuclease Domain of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF29 to Two Classes of Active-Site Ligands","volume":"62","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10084","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.19.10084-10088.2002","article-title":"Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Replication by WAY-150138: Assembly of Capsids Depleted of the Portal and Terminase Proteins Involved in DNA Encapsidation","volume":"76","author":"Newcomb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2349-2358.2003","article-title":"Identification of Small Molecule Compounds That Selectively Inhibit Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication","volume":"77","author":"Visalli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00108-6","article-title":"DNA encapsidation as a target for anti-herpesvirus drug therapy","volume":"59","author":"Visalli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1972","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1972","article-title":"Human herpesvirus portal proteins: Structure, function, and antiviral prospects","volume":"28","author":"Kornfeind","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10884","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05265-11","article-title":"The Novel Anticytomegalovirus Compound AIC246 (Letermovir) Inhibits Human Cytomegalovirus Replication through a Specific Antiviral Mechanism That Involves the Viral Terminase","volume":"85","author":"Goldner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7030","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.9.7030-7038.1997","article-title":"The protease and the assembly protein of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8)","volume":"71","author":"Unal","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.192","article-title":"Inhibition of a viral enzyme by a small-molecule dimer disruptor","volume":"5","author":"Shahian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00044","article-title":"Modulation of Immune System by Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus: Lessons from Viral Evasion Strategies","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11650","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b04030","article-title":"Allosteric Inhibitors, Crystallography, and Comparative Analysis Reveal Network of Coordinated Movement across Human Herpesvirus Proteases","volume":"139","author":"Acker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01295-10","article-title":"The HIV Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir Inhibits Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication In Vitro","volume":"55","author":"Gantt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.03.002","article-title":"Reduced human herpesvirus-8 oropharyngeal shedding associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy","volume":"60","author":"Gantt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.03.175","article-title":"An Immunotoxin Targeting the GH Glycoprotein of KSHV for Selective Killing of Cells in the Lytic Phase of Infection","volume":"90","author":"Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.4.2.19262","article-title":"Selective Killing of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytically Infected Cells with a Recombinant Immunotoxin Targeting the Viral GpK8.1A Envelope Glycoprotein","volume":"4","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.1.314-324.1997","article-title":"Selective switch between latency and lytic replication of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus in dually infected body cavity lymphoma cells","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051004198","article-title":"Activation of latent Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by demethylation of the promoter of the lytic transactivator","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22205","article-title":"Reactivation of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by natural products from Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma endemic regions","volume":"120","author":"Whitby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00219-14","article-title":"Activation of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) by Inhibitors of Class III Histone Deacetylases: Identification of Sirtuin 1 as a Regulator of the KSHV Life Cycle","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.10.030","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 ablating viral microRNA promotes lytic reactivation of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"533","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01785-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01785-20","article-title":"Suberoyl Bis-Hydroxamic Acid Reactivates Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus through Histone Acetylation and Induces Apoptosis in Lymphoma Cells","volume":"95","author":"Iida","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Meulen, E., Anderton, M., Blumenthal, M., and Sch\u00e4fer, G. (2021). Cellular Receptors Involved in KSHV Infection. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010118"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.06.079","article-title":"Imatinib-Induced Regression of AIDS-Related Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma","volume":"23","author":"Koon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.6365","article-title":"Phase II Trial of Imatinib in AIDS-Associated Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma: AIDS Malignancy Consortium Protocol 042","volume":"32","author":"Koon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn528","article-title":"A Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Complete Clinical Response after Sorafenib Administration","volume":"19","author":"Ardavanis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"505","article-title":"A Phase Ib Study of Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in Patients with Kaposi Sarcoma","volume":"22","author":"Uldrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201490358","article-title":"KSHV-TK is a tyrosine kinase that disrupts focal adhesions and induces Rho-mediated cell contraction","volume":"34","author":"Gill","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16541","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903991116","article-title":"Kinome profiling of non-Hodgkin lymphoma identifies Tyro3 as a therapeutic target in primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"116","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.05.026","article-title":"The TSC2\/mTOR pathway drives endothelial cell transformation induced by the Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor","volume":"10","author":"Sodhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nichols, L.A., Adang, L.A., and Kedes, D.H. (2011). Rapamycin Blocks Production of KSHV\/HHV8: Insights into the Anti-Tumor Activity of an Immunosuppressant Drug. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014535"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-028092","article-title":"Rapamycin Is Efficacious against Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) Cell Lines in Vivo by Inhibiting Autocrine Signaling","volume":"109","author":"Sin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-251082","article-title":"Dual Inhibition of PI3K and MTOR Inhibits Autocrine and Paracrine Proliferative Loops in PI3K\/Akt\/MTOR-Addicted Lymphomas","volume":"115","author":"Bhatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02871-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02871-18","article-title":"Targeting MTOR with MLN0128 Overcomes Rapamycin and Chemoresistant Primary Effusion Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02299-05","article-title":"Modulation of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection and Replication by MEK\/ERK, JNK, and p38 Multiple Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways during Primary Infection","volume":"80","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.017","article-title":"Sangivamycin induces apoptosis by suppressing Erk signaling in primary effusion lymphoma cells","volume":"444","author":"Wakao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00083","article-title":"Capsaicin Induces Apoptosis in KSHV-Positive Primary Effusion Lymphoma by Suppressing ERK and p38 MAPK Signaling and IL-6 Expression","volume":"9","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02154-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02154-18","article-title":"Development of an ORF45-Derived Peptide To Inhibit the Sustained RSK Activation and Lytic Replication of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"2821","article-title":"Targeting HGF\/c-MET Induces Cell Cycle Arrest, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis for Primary Effusion Lymphoma","volume":"126","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-5-S1-A36","article-title":"Hsp90 is a viable therapeutic target in the treatment of KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Nayar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.07.004","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): Molecular biology and oncogenesis","volume":"289","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.03.052","article-title":"Extracellular Hsp90 serves as a co-factor for MAPK activation and latent viral gene expression during de novo infection by KSHV","volume":"403","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.35.725","article-title":"The Effects of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors on Apoptosis and Viral Replication in Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells","volume":"35","author":"Higashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3510","article-title":"A Purine Scaffold HSP90 Inhibitor BIIB021 Has Selective Activity against KSHV-Associated Primary Effusion Lymphoma and Blocks vFLIP K13-Induced NF-\u03baB","volume":"19","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13056204","article-title":"Characterization of ARF-BP1\/HUWE1 Interactions with CTCF, MYC, ARF and p53 in MYC-Driven B Cell Neoplasms","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005274","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005274","article-title":"Hsp70 Isoforms Are Essential for the Formation of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication and Transcription Compartments","volume":"11","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, D., Wood, J.J., Jackson, B., Baquero-Perez, B., and Whitehouse, A. (2015). NEDDylation Is Essential for Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency and Lytic Reactivation and Represents a Novel Anti-KSHV Target. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004771"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.4.1.1379","article-title":"The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS-341) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in primary effusion lymphoma cells","volume":"4","author":"Matta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13533-7","article-title":"Bortezomib promotes KHSV and EBV lytic cycle by activating JNK and autophagy","volume":"7","author":"Granato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002985107","article-title":"Efficacy of bortezomib in a direct xenograft model of primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Sarosiek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1044","article-title":"Pilot Trial AMC-063: Safety and Efficacy of Bortezomib in AIDS-associated Kaposi Sarcoma","volume":"26","author":"Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104825","article-title":"Pemetrexed Inhibits Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication through Blocking DTMP Synthesis","volume":"180","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01259-13","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of (+)-Rutamarin against Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus by Inhibition of the Catalytic Activity of Human Topoisomerase II","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.10.3244","article-title":"Hypoxia Induces Lytic Replication of Kaposi Sarcoma\u2013Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"97","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.12.6761-6768.2003","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) Contains Hypoxia Response Elements: Relevance to Lytic Induction by Hypoxia","volume":"77","author":"Haque","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7037","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00553-06","article-title":"Genetic Organization and Hypoxic Activation of the Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF34-37 Gene Cluster","volume":"80","author":"Haque","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, P., Davis, D.A., Veeranna, R.P., Carey, R.F., Viollet, C., and Yarchoan, R. (2017). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha as a therapeutic target for primary effusion lymphoma. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006628"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4905","article-title":"SIRT1 and AMPK pathways are essential for the proliferation and survival of primary effusion lymphoma cells","volume":"242","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10459","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7227","article-title":"Role of heme oxygenase-1 in the pathogenesis and tumorigenicity of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.39.6853","article-title":"Phase II Study of Bevacizumab in Patients With HIV-Associated Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Uldrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3528","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Liposomal Doxorubicin Combined with Bevacizumab followed by Bevacizumab Monotherapy in Patients with Advanced Kaposi Sarcoma","volume":"25","author":"Ramaswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-07-586800","article-title":"Rituximab plus liposomal doxorubicin in HIV-infected patients with KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"124","author":"Uldrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-03-0951","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for HIV-associated Castleman disease","volume":"102","author":"Marcelin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20418","article-title":"Failure of rituximab in human immunodeficiency virus-associated multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"79","author":"Neuville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-7-10","article-title":"Short-Term Efficacy of the IL6 Receptor Antibody Tocilizumab in Patients with HIV-Associated Multicentric Castleman Disease: Report of Two Cases","volume":"7","author":"Nagao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236283","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236283","article-title":"Idiopathic Multicentric Castleman Disease Preceded by Cutaneous Plasmacytosis Successfully Treated by Tocilizumab","volume":"13","author":"Aita","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019004602","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients with symptomatic Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus\u2013associated multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"135","author":"Ramaswami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moodad, S., El Hajj, R., Hleihel, R., Hajjar, L., Tawil, N., Karam, M., Hamie, M., Merhi, R.A., El Sabban, M., and El Hajj, H. (2020). Lenalidomide in Combination with Arsenic Trioxide: An Effective Therapy for Primary Effusion Lymphoma. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092483"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, P., Davis, D.A., Jaeger, H.K., Stream, A., Aisabor, A.I., and Yarchoan, R. (2021). Pomalidomide restores immune recognition of primary effusion lymphoma through upregulation of ICAM-1 and B7-2. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009091"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.69.3812","article-title":"Pomalidomide for Symptomatic Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma in People With and Without HIV Infection: A Phase I\/II Study","volume":"34","author":"Polizzotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199818000-00018","article-title":"Seroconversion for Human Herpesvirus 8 during HIV Infection Is Highly Predictive of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma","volume":"12","author":"Neil","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7963","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.10.7963-7968.1997","article-title":"Monocytes in Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Lesions Are Productively Infected by Human Herpesvirus 8","volume":"71","author":"Blasig","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1295-1274","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infects Endothelial and Spindle Cells","volume":"1","author":"Boshoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/29093","article-title":"Transformation of primary human endothelial cells by Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"394","author":"Flore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.7.6223-6227.1998","article-title":"Human Herpesvirus 8 in the Prostate Glands of Men with Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma","volume":"72","author":"Diamond","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6892","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.6892-6902.1999","article-title":"Long-Term Infection and Transformation of Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Human Herpesvirus 8","volume":"73","author":"Moses","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200006160-00009","article-title":"The Restricted Cellular Host Range of Human Herpesvirus 8","volume":"14","author":"Blackbourn","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., and Whitley, R. (2007). Gammaherpesviruses entry and early events during infection. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6474","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.11.6474-6481.2003","article-title":"Host Range of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus in Cultured Cells","volume":"77","author":"Bechtel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2014.01.008","article-title":"Manipulation of endothelial cells by KSHV: Implications for angiogenesis and aberrant vascular differentiation","volume":"26","author":"Ojala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-020-02020-8","article-title":"3D culture conditions support Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) maintenance and viral spread in endothelial cells","volume":"99","author":"Dubich","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, S., and Nakamura, H. (2020). Animal Models for Gammaherpesvirus Infections: Recent Development in the Analysis of Virus-Induced Pathogenesis. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020116"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, H., Wachtman, L.M., Pearson, C.B., Lee, J.-S., Lee, H.-R., Lee, S.H., Vieira, J., Mansfield, K.G., and Jung, J.U. (2009). Non-Human Primate Model of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000606"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-151498","article-title":"Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Animal model for KSHV-associated malignancies","volume":"112","author":"Orzechowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.1998.0115","article-title":"Herpesvirus saimiri as a model for gammaherpesvirus oncogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-6-1355","article-title":"Cloning and molecular characterization of the murine herpesvirus 68 genome","volume":"71","author":"Efstathiou","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5894","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.8.5894-5904.1997","article-title":"Complete sequence and genomic analysis of murine gammaherpesvirus 68","volume":"71","author":"Virgin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"721","article-title":"Antitumor Activity of the Synthetic Retinoid ST1926 on Primary Effusion Lymphoma in Vitro and in Vivo Models","volume":"39","author":"Louna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.009","article-title":"Persistent KSHV Infection Increases EBV-Associated Tumor Formation In Vivo via Enhanced EBV Lytic Gene Expression","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/9\/1797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:59:53Z","timestamp":1760165993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/9\/1797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":184,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v13091797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13091797","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]}}}