{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:17:05Z","timestamp":1790626625775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperature plays a significant role in the vector competence, extrinsic incubation period, and intensity of infection of arboviruses within mosquito vectors. Most laboratory infection studies use static incubation temperatures that may not accurately reflect daily temperature ranges (DTR) to which mosquitoes are exposed. This could potentially compromise the application of results to real world scenarios. We evaluated the effect of fluctuating DTR versus static temperature treatments on the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates and viral titers of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Two DTR regimens were tested including an 11 and 15 \u00b0C range, both fluctuating around an average temperature of 28 \u00b0C. Overall, no significant differences were found between DTR and static treatments for infection, dissemination, or transmission rates for either species. However, significant treatment differences were identified for both Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus viral titers. These effects were species-specific and most prominent later in the infection. These results indicate that future studies on WNV infections in Culex mosquitoes should consider employing realistic DTRs to reflect interactions most accurately between the virus, vector, and environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T21:47:21Z","timestamp":1631656041000},"page":"1822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Effect of Fluctuating Incubation Temperatures on West Nile Virus Infection in Culex Mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany L.","family":"McGregor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6761-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan L.","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Roxanne","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13335","article-title":"Thermal biology of mosquito-borne disease","volume":"22","author":"Mordecai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.10.003","article-title":"Dissecting vectorial capacity for mosquito-borne viruses","volume":"15","author":"Kramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current. Opin. 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