{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:01:13Z","timestamp":1778943673327,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. Despite meticulous research, only dexamethasone has shown consistent mortality reduction. Convalescent plasma (CP) infusion might also develop into a safe and effective treatment modality on the basis of recent studies and meta-analyses; however, little is known regarding the kinetics of antibodies in CP recipients. To evaluate the kinetics, we followed 31 CP recipients longitudinally enrolled at a median of 3 days post symptom onset for changes in binding and neutralizing antibody titers and viral loads. Antibodies against the complete trimeric Spike protein and the receptor-binding domain (Spike-RBD), as well as against the complete Nucleocapsid protein and the RNA binding domain (N-RBD) were determined at baseline and weekly following CP infusion. Neutralizing antibody (pseudotype NAb) titers were determined at the same time points. Viral loads were determined semi-quantitatively by SARS-CoV-2 PCR. Patients with low humoral responses at entry showed a robust increase of antibodies to all SARS-CoV-2 proteins and Nab, reaching peak levels within 2 weeks. The rapid increase in binding and neutralizing antibodies was paralleled by a concomitant clearance of the virus within the same timeframe. Patients with high humoral responses at entry demonstrated low or no further increases; however, virus clearance followed the same trajectory as in patients with low antibody response at baseline. Together, the sequential immunological and virological analysis of this well-defined cohort of patients early in infection shows the presence of high levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies and potent clearance of the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T21:47:11Z","timestamp":1631742431000},"page":"1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Kinetics of Nucleocapsid, Spike and Neutralizing Antibodies, and Viral Load in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Treated with Convalescent Plasma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Thomopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, 18120 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5133-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Terpos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Stellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xintao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevasti","family":"Karaliota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"},{"name":"Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Basic Science Program, Frederick, MD 21701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthi","family":"Bouchla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, 18120 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Katagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, 18120 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0991-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Antoniadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Mentis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Reference Laboratory of Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3376-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios G.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, 18120 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Politou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5065-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenifer","family":"Bear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Applied Information and Management Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2508-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kotanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kalomenidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Korompoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pagoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMT Unit, Haematology-Lymphomas Department, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisavet","family":"Grouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis of Saint Savvas, Oncology Hospital of Athens, 11522 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Labropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Reference Laboratory of Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostantinos","family":"Stamoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic National Blood Transfusion Center, 13678 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristotelis","family":"Bamias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, 18120 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sotirios","family":"Tsiodras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meletios-Athanasios","family":"Dimopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4027-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George N.","family":"Pavlakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Pappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, 18120 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara K.","family":"Felber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, March 01). 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