{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:21:28Z","timestamp":1760235688274,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine astrovirus type 3 (PoAstV3) has been previously identified as a cause of polioencephalomyelitis in swine and continues to cause disease in the US swine industry. Herein, we describe the characterization of both untranslated regions, frameshifting signal, putative genome-linked virus protein (VPg) and conserved antigenic epitopes of several novel PoAstV3 genomes. Twenty complete coding sequences (CDS) were obtained from 32 diagnostic cases originating from 11 individual farms\/systems sharing a nucleotide (amino acid) percent identity of 89.74\u2013100% (94.79\u2013100%), 91.9\u2013100% (96.3\u2013100%) and 90.71\u2013100% (93.51\u2013100%) for ORF1a, ORF1ab and ORF2, respectively. Our results indicate that the 5\u2032UTR of PoAstV3 is highly conserved highlighting the importance of this region in translation initiation while their 3\u2032UTR is moderately conserved among strains, presenting alternative configurations including multiple putative protein binding sites and pseudoknots. Moreover, two predicted conserved antigenic epitopes were identified matching the 3\u2032 termini of VP27 of PoAstV3 USA strains. These epitopes may aid in the design and development of vaccine components and diagnostic assays useful to control outbreaks of PoAstV3-associated CNS disease. In conclusion, this is the first analysis predicting the structure of important regulatory motifs of neurotropic mamastroviruses, which differ from those previously described in human astroviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"1859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Novel Strains of Porcine Astrovirus Type 3 in the USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Franco","family":"Matias Ferreyra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bradner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Burrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Derscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Magstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyona","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loni","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Siepker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panchan","family":"Sitthicharoenchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bailey","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Andrew, M.Q.K., Lefkowitz, E., Adams, M.J., and Carstens, E.B. (2012). Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.30.10.948","article-title":"Astrovirus associated gastroenteritis in a children\u2019s ward","volume":"30","author":"Kurtz","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1606.091536","article-title":"Astrovirus encephalitis in boy with x-linked agammaglobulinemia","volume":"16","author":"Quan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00472-2","article-title":"Astrovirus epidemiologically linked to pre-weaning diarrhoea in mink","volume":"85","author":"Englund","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.024","article-title":"Astrovirus infections in humans and animals\u2014Molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions","volume":"11","author":"Burnham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.01.009","article-title":"Astrovirus evolution and emergence","volume":"69","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01040-10","article-title":"Detection of a novel astrovirus in brain tissue of mink suffering from shaking mink syndrome by use of viral metagenomics","volume":"48","author":"Hammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130682","article-title":"Divergent astrovirus associated with neurologic disease in cattle","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.170168","article-title":"Indication of cross-species transmission of astrovirus associated with encephalitis in sheep and cattle","volume":"23","author":"Boujon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12623","article-title":"A novel astrovirus associated with encephalitis and ganglionitis in domestic sheep","volume":"64","author":"Pfaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcchler, L., R\u00fcfli, I., Koch, M.C., Hierweger, M.M., Kauer, R.V., Boujon, C.L., Hilbe, M., Oevermann, A., Zanolari, P., and Seuberlich, T. (2020). Astrovirus-associated polioencephalomyelitis in an alpaca. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010050"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.170703","article-title":"Porcine astrovirus type 3 in central nervous system of swine with polioencephalomyelitis","volume":"23","author":"Arruda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0466-0","article-title":"Novel encephalomyelitis-associated astrovirus in a muskox (ovibos moschatus): A surprise from the archives","volume":"61","author":"Boujon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00557-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00557-19","article-title":"Human astrovirus mlb replication in vitro: Persistence in extraintestinal cell lines","volume":"93","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00740-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00740-17","article-title":"Propagation of astrovirus va1, a neurotropic human astrovirus, in cell culture","volume":"91","author":"Janowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01455-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01455-19","article-title":"Differential in vitro infection of neural cells by astroviruses","volume":"10","author":"Janowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17906-x","article-title":"A hidden gene in astroviruses encodes a viroporin","volume":"11","author":"Lulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selimovic-Hamza, S., Boujon, C.L., Hilbe, M., Oevermann, A., and Seuberlich, T. (2017). Frequency and pathological phenotype of bovine astrovirus ch13\/neuros1 infection in neurologically-diseased cattle: Towards assessment of causality. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9010012"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2017.07.002","article-title":"The expanding field of mammalian astroviruses: Opportunities and challenges in clinical virology","volume":"Volume 99","author":"Beer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Virus Research"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050112","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of the 3\u2032-end of the astrovirus genome","volume":"142","author":"Monceyron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13126","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02426-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of a newly identified porcine astrovirus genotype 3 strain us-mo123","volume":"86","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2020.09.014","article-title":"Porcine astrovirus type 5-associated enteritis in pigs","volume":"181","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"532","article-title":"Detection by electron microscopy of caliciviruses, astroviruses and rotavirus-like particles in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea","volume":"107","author":"Bridger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.06.020","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterization of a novel porcine astrovirus","volume":"117","author":"Indik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2937-1","article-title":"Detection and characterization of a novel genotype of porcine astrovirus 4 from nasal swabs from pigs with acute respiratory disease","volume":"161","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz-Cherry, S. (2013). Astrovirus taxonomy. Astrovirus Research: Essential Ideas, Everyday Impacts, Future Directions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4735-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.170804","article-title":"Outbreaks of neuroinvasive astrovirus associated with encephalomyelitis, weakness, and paralysis among weaned pigs, hungary","volume":"23","author":"Boros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985819875741","article-title":"Polioencephalomyelitis in domestic swine associated with porcine astrovirus type 3","volume":"57","author":"Bradner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2021, July 12). Swine Disease Reporting System. Iowa State University. Available online: https:\/\/fieldepi.research.cvm.iastate.edu\/SDRS\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021). Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Program, University of Minnesota."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias Ferreyra, F., Arruda, E.H.P., Bradner, K.L., Harmon, M.K., Zhang, M., Gimenez-Lirola, L., and Arruda, L.B. (2021). Experimental porcine astrovirus type 3-associated polioencephalomyelitis in swine. Vet. Pathol., in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211025794"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00040-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-18","article-title":"Nonsuppurative (aseptic) meningoencephalomyelitis associated with neurovirulent astrovirus infections in humans and animals","volume":"31","author":"Reuter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10539","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10539","article-title":"Rna sequence of astrovirus: Distinctive genomic organization and a putative retrovirus-like ribosomal frameshifting signal that directs the viral replicase synthesis","volume":"90","author":"Jiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-4-715","article-title":"A common rna motif in the 3\u2032end of the genomes of astroviruses, avian infectious bronchitis virus and an equine rhinovirus","volume":"79","author":"Jonassen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-132","article-title":"A mobile genetic element with unknown function found in distantly related viruses","volume":"10","author":"Tengs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-4498-8","article-title":"Human astroviruses: In silico analysis of the untranslated region and putative binding sites of cellular proteins","volume":"46","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01194-14","article-title":"Fruits of virus discovery: New pathogens and new experimental models","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-17","article-title":"Candidates in astroviruses, seadornaviruses, cytorhabdoviruses and coronaviruses for +1 frame overlapping genes accessed by leaky scanning","volume":"7","author":"Firth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-7069(03)09035-9","article-title":"V, 2.Ribosomal frameshifting in astroviruses","volume":"9","author":"Brierley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perspect. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.06.015","article-title":"In silico discovery and modeling of non-coding rna structure in viruses","volume":"91","author":"Moss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.75","article-title":"Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using clustal omega","volume":"7","author":"Sievers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"Mega x: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl529","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (itol): An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation","volume":"23","author":"Letunic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (itol) v4: Recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"221","article-title":"First whole genome characterization of porcine astrovirus detected in swine faeces in italy","volume":"55","author":"Tassoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amimo, J.O., Machuka, E.M., Abworo, E.O., Vlasova, A.N., and Pelle, R. (2020). Whole genome sequence analysis of porcine astroviruses reveals novel genetically diverse strains circulating in east african smallholder pig farms. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0559.v1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033","article-title":"Jalview version 2\u2014A multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench","volume":"25","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W70","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn188","article-title":"The vienna rna websuite","volume":"36","author":"Lorenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7188-6-26","article-title":"Viennarna package 2.0","volume":"6","author":"Lorenz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Algorithms Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i85","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr215","article-title":"Ipknot: Fast and accurate prediction of rna secondary structures with pseudoknots using integer programming","volume":"27","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv372","article-title":"Forna (force-directed RNA): Simple and effective online rna secondary structure diagrams","volume":"31","author":"Kerpedjiev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-004-2196-1","article-title":"Genome prediction of putative genome-linked viral protein (vpg) of astroviruses","volume":"31","author":"Walter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19267-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a novel astrovirus associated with disease in mink","volume":"84","author":"Mittelholzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"531","article-title":"Protein identification and analysis tools in the expasy server","volume":"112","author":"Wilkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv585","article-title":"High-throughput prediction of rna, dna and protein binding regions mediated by intrinsic disorder","volume":"43","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, B., Zhang, L., Liang, S., and Zhang, C. (2012). Svmtrip: A method to predict antigenic epitopes using support vector machine to integrate tri-peptide similarity and propensity. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045152"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80535-Q","article-title":"A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens","volume":"276","author":"Kolaskar","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doytchinova, I.A., and Flower, D.R. (2007). Vaxijen: A server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. BMC Bioinform., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawal, G., Matias Ferreyra, F.S., Macedo, N.R., Bradner, L.K., Harmon, K.M., Mueller, A., Allison, G., Linhares, D.C.L., and Arruda, B.L. (2019). Detection and cellular tropism of porcine astrovirus type 3 on breeding farms. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111051"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawal, G., Ferreyra, F.M., Macedo, N.R., Bradner, L.K., Harmon, K.M., Allison, G., Linhares, D.C.L., and Arruda, B.L. (2020). Ecology of porcine astrovirus type 3 in a herd with associated neurologic disease. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090992"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.048744-0","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel porcine astroviruses (pastvs) with high prevalence and frequent co-infection of individual pigs with multiple pastv types","volume":"94","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10070","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00797-12","article-title":"Identification of human astrovirus genome-linked protein (vpg) essential for virus infectivity","volume":"86","author":"Fuentes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0117-x","article-title":"Viral rna structure-based strategies to manipulate translation","volume":"17","author":"Jaafar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.042499-0","article-title":"Non-canonical translation in rna viruses","volume":"93","author":"Firth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01309809","article-title":"The 3\u2032terminal sequence of a human astrovirus","volume":"124","author":"Willcocks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/9\/1859\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:24Z","timestamp":1760166084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/9\/1859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v13091859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13091859","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]}}}