{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:09:21Z","timestamp":1792012161793,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI146856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI146856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01CK000509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CK000509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus introduced to North America in 1999. Since 1999, the Earth\u2019s average temperature has increased by 0.6 \u00b0C. Mosquitoes are ectothermic organisms, reliant on environmental heat sources. Temperature impacts vector\u2013virus interactions which directly influence arbovirus transmission. RNA viral replication is highly error-prone and increasing temperature could further increase replication rates, mutation frequencies, and evolutionary rates. The impact of temperature on arbovirus evolutionary trajectories and fitness landscapes has yet to be sufficiently studied. To investigate how temperature impacts the rate and extent of WNV evolution in mosquito cells, WNV was experimentally passaged 12 times in Culex tarsalis cells, at 25 \u00b0C and 30 \u00b0C. Full-genome deep sequencing was used to compare genetic signatures during passage, and replicative fitness was evaluated before and after passage at each temperature. Our results suggest adaptive potential at both temperatures, with unique temperature-dependent and lineage-specific genetic signatures. Further, higher temperature passage was associated with significantly increased replicative fitness at both temperatures and increases in nonsynonymous mutations. Together, these data indicate that if similar selective pressures exist in natural systems, increases in temperature could accelerate emergence of high-fitness strains with greater phenotypic plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T22:50:48Z","timestamp":1632351048000},"page":"1889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Experimental Evolution of West Nile Virus at Higher Temperatures Facilitates Broad Adaptation and Increased Genetic Diversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Fay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA"},{"name":"The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiet A.","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham G.","family":"Willsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA"},{"name":"The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Ciota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA"},{"name":"The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.480","article-title":"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"11","author":"Gubler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. 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