{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:29:52Z","timestamp":1791430192145,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003134","name":"Fonds pour la Formation \u00e0 la Recherche dans l\u2019Industrie et dans l\u2019Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC3689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC3689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phage therapy (PT) shows promising potential in managing biofilm infections, which include refractory orthopedic infections. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl who developed chronic polymicrobial biofilm infection of a pelvic bone allograft after Ewing\u2019s sarcoma resection surgery. Chronic infection by Clostridium hathewayi, Proteus mirabilis and Finegoldia magna was worsened by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting an inducible Macrolides-Lincosamides-Streptogramin B resistance phenotype (iMLSB). After failure of conventional conservative treatment, combination of in situ anti-S. aureus PT with surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotic therapy led to marked clinical and microbiological improvement, yet failed to prevent a recurrence of infection on the midterm. This eventually led to surgical graft replacement. Multiple factors can explain this midterm failure, among which incomplete coverage of the polymicrobial infection by PT. Indeed, no phage therapy against C. hathewayi, P. mirabilis or F. magna could be administered. Phage-antibiotic interactions were investigated using OmniLog\u00ae technology. Our results suggest that phage-antibiotic interactions should not be considered \u201cunconditionally synergistic\u201d, and should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Specific pharmacodynamics of phages and antibiotics might explain these differences. More than two years after final graft replacement, the patient remains cured of her sarcoma and no further infections occurred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T22:50:48Z","timestamp":1632351048000},"page":"1898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A Case of In Situ Phage Therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in a Bone Allograft Polymicrobial Biofilm Infection: Outcomes and Phage-Antibiotic Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Brieuc","family":"Van Nieuwenhuyse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC\/PEDI), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain\u2014UCLouvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Galant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain\u2014UCLouvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Brichard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Haematology, Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain\u2014UCLouvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Louis","family":"Docquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain\u2014UCLouvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Djebara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases ID4C, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, B-1120 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Pirnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, B-1120 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, General Pediatrics Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain\u2014UCLouvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2566-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Merabishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, B-1120 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Chatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, General Pediatrics Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain\u2014UCLouvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects","volume":"310","author":"Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merabishvili, M., Pirnay, J.-P., Verbeken, G., Chanishvili, N., Tediashvili, M., Lashkhi, N., Glonti, T., Krylov, V., Mast, J., and Van Parys, L. 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