{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T04:12:21Z","timestamp":1793938341982,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. It is transmitted mainly by direct contact with patients who have been infected or by ingesting contaminated water or food. The virus is endemic in low-income countries where sanitary and sociodemographic conditions are poor. Paradoxically, improving sanitary conditions in these countries, which reduces the incidence of HAV infections, can lead to more severe disease in susceptible adults. The populations of developed countries are highly susceptible to HAV, and large outbreaks can occur when the virus is spread by globalization and by increased travel and movement of foodstuffs. Most of these outbreaks occur among high-risk groups: travellers, men who have sex with men, people who use substances, and people facing homelessness. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. The development of HAV antivirals may be important to control HAV outbreaks in developed countries where a universal vaccination programme is not recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T22:50:48Z","timestamp":1632351048000},"page":"1900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Migueres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, H\u00f4pital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7908-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Lhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, H\u00f4pital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8462-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Izopet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, H\u00f4pital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13806","article-title":"Hepatitis A Virus and the Origins of Picornaviruses","volume":"517","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12029","article-title":"A Pathogenic Picornavirus Acquires an Envelope by Hijacking Cellular Membranes","volume":"496","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01998-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01998-16","article-title":"Biliary Secretion of Quasi-Enveloped Human Hepatitis A Virus","volume":"7","author":"Hensley","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.9.2627","article-title":"Primary Structure and Gene Organization of Human Hepatitis A Virus","volume":"82","author":"Najarian","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. 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