{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:10:48Z","timestamp":1793373048170,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010380","name":"Stiftung Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.A."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.A."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014837","name":"Rudolf Ackermann Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.A."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.A."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The availability of effective and well-tolerated antiviral drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients is still very limited. Traditional herbal medicines elicit antiviral activity against various viruses and might therefore represent a promising option for the complementary treatment of COVID-19 patients. The application of turmeric root in herbal medicine has a very long history. Its bioactive ingredient curcumin shows a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of aqueous turmeric root extract, the dissolved content of a curcumin-containing nutritional supplement capsule, and pure curcumin against SARS-CoV-2. Turmeric root extract, dissolved turmeric capsule content, and pure curcumin effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 at subtoxic concentrations in Vero E6 and human Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, curcumin treatment significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in cell culture supernatants. Our data uncover curcumin as a promising compound for complementary COVID-19 treatment. Curcumin concentrations contained in turmeric root or capsules used as nutritional supplements completely neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Our data argue in favor of appropriate and carefully monitored clinical studies that vigorously test the effectiveness of complementary treatment of COVID-19 patients with curcumin-containing products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T23:08:31Z","timestamp":1632784111000},"page":"1914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Turmeric Root and Its Bioactive Ingredient Curcumin Effectively Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0955-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"Bormann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Schipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"van de Sand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2733-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu Thuy Khanh","family":"Le-Trilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Heinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabea Julia","family":"Madel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Otte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korbinian","family":"Wuensch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane Silke","family":"Heilingloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Cell Signaling, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Dittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Elsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Pfaender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Trilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Witzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9502-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adalbert","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 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