{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:56:42Z","timestamp":1792807002519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Frontiers in Research Fund Exploration","award":["2019-01441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01441"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT Mexico","award":["468482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["468482"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern bacteriophage encapsulation methods based on polymers such as alginate have been developed recently for their use in phage therapy for veterinary purposes. In birds, it has been proven that using this delivery system allows the release of the bacteriophage in the small intestine, the site of infection by Salmonella spp. This work designed an approach for phage therapy using encapsulation by ionotropic gelation of the lytic bacteriophage S1 for Salmonella\u00a0enterica in 2% w\/v alginate beads using 2% w\/v calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. This formulation resulted in beads with an average size of 3.73 \u00b1 0.04 mm and an encapsulation efficiency of 70%. In vitro, the beads protected the bacteriophages from pH 3 and released them at higher pH. To confirm that this would protect the bacteriophages from gastrointestinal pH changes, we tested the phage infectivity in vivo assay. Using a model chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, we confirmed that after 3 h of the beads delivery, infective phages were present in the chicken\u2019s duodenal and caecal sections. This study demonstrates that our phage formulation is an effective system for release and delivery of bacteriophage S1 against Salmonella Enteritidis with potential use in the poultry sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T23:08:31Z","timestamp":1632784111000},"page":"1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-7573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janeth","family":"Gomez-Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Chavez-Carbajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nallelyt","family":"Segundo-Arizmendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam G.","family":"Baron-Pichardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana E.","family":"Mendoza-Elvira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology Postgraduate Field 1, Cuautitl\u00e1n School of Higher Studies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1st May Avenue, Sta Mar\u00eda Guadalupe las Torres, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efren","family":"Hernandez-Baltazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Hynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Torres-Angeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01718","article-title":"Identification and Discrimination of Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum Based on a One-Step Multiplex PCR Assay","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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