{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T02:54:06Z","timestamp":1761706446858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2013-04737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2013-04737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adeno-associated virus is a popular gene delivery vehicle for gene therapy studies. A potential roadblock to widespread clinical adoption is the high vector doses required for efficient transduction in vivo, and the potential for subsequent immune responses that may limit prolonged transgene expression. We hypothesized that the depletion of macrophages via systemic delivery of liposome-encapsulated clodronate would improve transgene expression if given prior to systemic AAV vector administration, as has been shown to be the case with adenoviral vectors. Contrary to our expectations, clodronate liposome pretreatment resulted in significantly reduced transgene expression in the liver and heart, but permitted moderate transduction of the white pulp of the spleen. There was a remarkable localization of transgene expression from the red pulp to the center of the white pulp in clodronate-treated mice compared to untreated mice. Similarly, a greater proportion of transgene expression could be observed in the medulla located in the center of the lymph node in mice treated with clodronate-containing liposomes as compared to untreated mice where transgene expression was localized primarily to the cortex. These results underscore the highly significant role that the immune system plays in influencing the distribution and relative numbers of transduced cells in the context of AAV-mediated gene delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1633917587000},"page":"2002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Macrophage Depletion via Clodronate Pretreatment Reduces Transgene Expression from AAV Vectors In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Darrick L.","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6068-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie S. M.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byram W.","family":"Bridle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5985-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.01.019","article-title":"Luxturna: FDA documents reveal the value of a costly gene therapy","volume":"24","author":"Darrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov. 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