{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1780391878210,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk for infections due to chronic immunosuppression. Diarrhea is a commonly encountered problem post transplantation, with infectious causes of diarrhea being a frequent complication. Viral infections\/enteritides in solid organ transplant recipients often result from frequently encountered pathogens in this population such as cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and norovirus. However, several emerging viral pathogens are increasingly being recognized as more sensitive diagnostic techniques become available. Treatment is often limited to supportive care and reduction in immunosuppression, though antiviral therapies mayplay a role in the treatment in certain diseases. Viral enteritis is an important entity that contributes to morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1633917587000},"page":"2019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Viral Enteritis in Solid-Organ Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anum","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1460-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Florescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000172","article-title":"Diarrhea in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"28","author":"Angarone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"Using Blood Donors and Solid Organ Transplant Donors and Recipients to Estimate the Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus and Epstein\u2013Barr Virus in Canada: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"5","author":"Mabilangan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Can."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1086\/652438","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988\u20132004","volume":"50","author":"Bate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13512","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13512","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients\u2014Guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Razonable","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12212","article-title":"Diarrhea Caused by Viruses in Transplant Recipients","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13550","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13550","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Diarrhea in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Angarone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002191","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid-Organ Transplantation","volume":"102","author":"Kotton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw668","article-title":"Definitions of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Transplant Patients for Use in Clinical Trials","volume":"64","author":"Ljungman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.10.009","article-title":"Detection of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) by Real-Time PCR in Fecal Samples for the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of CMV Intestinal Disease","volume":"61","author":"Ganzenmueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000906","article-title":"Short Article: Stool Cytomegalovirus Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus-Related Gastrointestinal Disease","volume":"29","author":"Prachasitthisak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002454","article-title":"A Randomized Study of Quantiferon CMV-Directed Versus Fixed-Duration Valganciclovir Prophylaxis to Reduce Late CMV after Lung Transplantation","volume":"103","author":"Westall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002421","article-title":"CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity at 3-Month Prophylaxis Withdrawal Discriminates D+\/R+ Kidney Transplants at Risk of Late-Onset CMV Infection Regardless the Type of Induction Therapy","volume":"102","author":"Jarque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14347","article-title":"An Interventional Study Using Cell-Mediated Immunity to Personalize Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Infection After Transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz454","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection in Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: State of the Evidence","volume":"23","author":"Haidar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15315","article-title":"A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study of Cell-Mediated Immunity as a Predictor for Cytomegalovirus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis993","article-title":"Assessment of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity for the Prediction of Cytomegalovirus Disease in High-Risk Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Cohort Study","volume":"56","author":"Manuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13110","article-title":"Clinical Validation of a Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay-Based in Vitro Diagnostic Assay to Monitor Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter, Longitudinal, Prospective, Observational Study","volume":"31","author":"Banas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000444","article-title":"The Evaluation of Critically Ill Transplant Patients with Infectious Diarrhea","volume":"23","author":"Florescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.09.021","article-title":"Is Combination Antiviral Therapy for CMV Superior to Monotherapy?","volume":"35","author":"Drew","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2021, June 05). Letermovir Treatment for Established Cytomegalovirus Infection in Transplant Recipients\u2014ATC Abstracts. Available online: https:\/\/atcmeetingabstracts.com\/abstract\/letermovir-treatment-for-established-cytomegalovirus-infection-in-transplant-recipients\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00550.x","article-title":"Oral Maribavir for Treatment of Refractory or Resistant Cytomegalovirus Infections in Transplant Recipients","volume":"12","author":"Avery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.07.013","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Maribavir in Combination with Other Drugs Active against Human Cytomegalovirus","volume":"157","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy549","article-title":"Autologous Adoptive T-Cell Therapy for Recurrent or Drug-Resistant Cytomegalovirus Complications in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Single-Arm Open-Label Phase i Clinical Trial","volume":"68","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11377-013-0860-5","article-title":"Gastrointestinal infections","volume":"9","author":"Stallmach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterologe"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.010","article-title":"Chronic Norovirus Infection among Solid Organ Recipients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, The Netherlands, 2006\u20132014","volume":"23","author":"Fraaij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12844","article-title":"Predictors of Persistent Diarrhea in Norovirus Enteritis after Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12622","article-title":"Norovirus Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1086\/653939","article-title":"Chronic Norovirus Infection after Kidney Transplantation: Molecular Evidence for Immune-Driven Viral Evolution","volume":"51","author":"Schorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2011.01556.x","article-title":"Is There a Role for Oral Human Immunoglobulin in the Treatment for Norovirus Enteritis in Immunocompromised Patients?","volume":"15","author":"Florescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Transplant."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03128.x","article-title":"Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"24","author":"Rossignol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.08.002","article-title":"Norovirus Gastroenteritis Successfully Treated with Nitazoxanide","volume":"63","author":"Siddiq","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13135","article-title":"Rotavirus in Organ Transplantation: Drug-Virus-Host Interactions","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03311.x","article-title":"Rotavirus Infection in Adult Small Intestine Allografts: A Clinicopathological Study of a Cohort of 23 Patients","volume":"10","author":"Adeyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00251.x","article-title":"Rotavirus Enteritis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: An Underestimated Problem?","volume":"9","author":"Stelzmueller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105280","article-title":"Impact of Gastrointestinal Physiology on Drug Absorption in Special Populations\u2014An UNGAP Review","volume":"147","author":"Stillhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft036","article-title":"What Do We Know about Adenovirus in Renal Transplantation?","volume":"28","author":"Florescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000558","article-title":"Approach to Infection and Disease Due to Adenoviruses in Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Florescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13527","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13527","article-title":"Adenovirus in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Florescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13248","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13248","article-title":"Viral Enteritis in Intestinal Transplant Recipients","volume":"22","author":"Servais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2194","article-title":"Adjunctive Use of Cidofovir and Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Treat Invasive Adenoviral Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"38","author":"Permpalung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0288","article-title":"Brincidofovir: Understanding Its Unique Profile and Potential Role against Adenovirus and Other Viral Infections","volume":"15","author":"Whited","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13769","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13769","article-title":"Brincidofovir for the Treatment of Human Adenovirus Infection in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series","volume":"24","author":"Londeree","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Transplant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2011.09.007","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of CMX001 as Salvage Therapy for Severe Adenovirus Infections in Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"18","author":"Florescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.01.080","article-title":"CMV, EBV, HHV6, and HHV7 Infections after Intestinal Transplantation without Specific Antiviral Prophylaxis","volume":"36","author":"Pascher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2009.01283.x","article-title":"Chronic High Epstein-Barr Viral Load Carriage in Pediatric Small Bowel Transplant Recipients","volume":"14","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatric Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.4822-20","article-title":"Recurrent Enteritis Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive CD4 + T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"59","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198138","article-title":"Complete Genome of a Novel Recombinant Human Astrovirus and Its Quasispecies in Patients Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"288","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-14","article-title":"Human Astroviruses","volume":"27","author":"Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.151807","article-title":"Astrovirus MLB2, a New Gastroenteric Virus Associated with Meningitis and Disseminated Infection","volume":"22","author":"Cordey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12607","article-title":"An Emerging Opportunistic Infection: Fatal Astrovirus (VA1\/HMO-C) Encephalitis in a Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Recipient","volume":"18","author":"Lum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25569","article-title":"Prevalence of Rotavirus and Human Bocavirus in Immunosuppressed Individuals after Renal Transplantation in the Northern Region of Brazil","volume":"91","author":"Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, B.C.L., D\u00e1billa, N.A.S., Almeida, T.N., Fiaccadori, F.S., Souza, T.T., Cardoso, D., Arantes, A., and Souza, M. (2019). Human Bocavirus Detection and Quantification in Fecal and Serum Specimens from Recipients of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Longitudinal Study. J. Med. Virol., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25486"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00027-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-20","article-title":"Beyond Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus: A Review of Viruses Composing the Blood Virome of Solid Organ Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients","volume":"33","author":"Zanella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12840","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12840","article-title":"Bocavirus Infection Following Paediatric Liver Transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatric Transplant."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01703-08","article-title":"Human Bocavirus in an Immunocompromised Child Presenting with Severe Diarrhea","volume":"47","author":"Bredius","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8684","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i39.8684","article-title":"Human Bocavirus: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges","volume":"22","author":"Guido","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1910.130352","article-title":"Persistent Human Cosavirus Infection in Lung Transplant Recipient, Italy","volume":"19","author":"Campanini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24711","article-title":"Multiplex RT-PCR for Rapid Detection of Viruses Commonly Causing Diarrhea in Pediatric Patients","volume":"89","author":"Thongprachum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"6846873","article-title":"Successfully Treated Norovirus- and Sapovirus-Associated Diarrhea in Three Renal Transplant Patients","volume":"2018","author":"Ghusson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31821c9392","article-title":"Impact of Norovirus\/Sapovirus-Related Diarrhea in Renal Transplant Recipients Hospitalized for Diarrhea","volume":"92","author":"Lanternier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-14","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Human Sapoviruses","volume":"28","author":"Oka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02049.x","article-title":"Human Torovirus: A New Virus Associated with Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis","volume":"94","author":"Lodha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/134961","article-title":"The Role of Torovirus in Nosocomial Viral Gastroenteritis at a Large Tertiary Pediatric Centre","volume":"23","author":"Gubbay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1707","article-title":"Picobirnavirus Infections: Viral Persistence and Zoonotic Potential","volume":"22","author":"Ganesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"179","article-title":"Diarrheic Syndrome Related to Viral Agents in Kidney Transplanted Patients","volume":"61","author":"Valle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16188","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Cohort Study","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-021-01082-7","article-title":"Case Report: Histopathology and Molecular Pathology Analysis on Enteric Tissue of a COVID-19 Patient","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/10\/2019\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:10:15Z","timestamp":1760166615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/10\/2019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v13102019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13102019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]}}}